不同种植制度对土壤质量的影响

[目的]探讨由大田作物转变为大棚蔬菜生产过程中土壤性状变化及其可能对环境产生的不利影响。[方法]于2007～2009年跟踪调查了上海崇明主要种植制度（露地轮作、温室轮作和温室单作）下农户施肥、灌溉及作物生长状况,并分析了土壤质量的变化。[结果]不同种植制度显著影响土壤质量。与露地轮作相比,温室栽培下过量有机肥和无机肥的投入显著提高了土壤中有机碳、矿质氮、有效磷和可交换钾的含量。温室单作和温室轮作分别导致土壤pH下降0.6和0.4,而露地土壤pH变化不大。同时,温室栽培土壤中EC值、NO3-和Cl-含量均显著高于露地轮作土壤,且随种植年限的增加有增加的趋势,而露地土壤盐分变化不明显。[结论]农户缺乏科学的田间管理指导、一味追求短时期内的高产、过量的施肥灌溉及高复种指数是导致温室土壤严重盐渍化的主要原因。     

国内魔芋栽培模式研究进展

通过简述魔芋生长环境需求特性,总结魔芋庭院栽培、净作栽培、大田间套作栽培、林下栽培、轮作栽培及保护地栽培等栽培模式研究进展,分析各种栽培模式的优缺点。提出了今后应从广泛开展魔芋种质资源收集、鉴定、评价与利用,构建魔芋间套作、轮作栽培新模式,提高魔芋种植全程机械化、自动化水平,扩大魔芋种植范围,创建有机栽培模式等方面改进和丰富魔芋栽培模式。     

不同种植密度条件下单混种作物的生长曲线

代谢比例理论（Metabolic Scaling Theory）认为,植物小个体或幼苗的生物量和物质能量代谢速率之间的异速生长指数为1,而随着植物个体的逐渐增大,其代谢异速生长指数逐渐趋近于3/4。2012年,Deng等基于代谢比例理论建立了植物小个体的动态生长模型。然而,对于受到种内或种间不同竞争压力的植物个体来说,其生长过程无疑将受到邻体竞争的影响,他们是否仍然遵循上述植物小个体的动态生长模型尚不得而知。本研究针对此科学问题选取了春小麦（Triticum aestivum）、胡麻（Linum usitisimum）、玉米（Zea mays）3种作物分别进行两两组合混合种植以及单独种植,种植密度分别为高、中、低3种不同密度梯度;在作物出苗至成熟期间,分别对株高、基茎、冠幅、生物量、以及不同时期样方植物密度共进行6次跟踪测定。通过对Deng等建立的植物小个体动态生长模型的拟合分析,发现在种植密度梯度下不论单种还是混种,其植物个体的生长曲线均符合植物小个体动态生长模型,且具有相似生态位的物种混种条件下的个体生长状况要好于单种条件下的个体生长状况,而低密度条件下的生长状况亦显著优于中、高密度个体生长状况。总之,不同竞争压力下的植物个体,其生长速率和成熟大小虽有所变化,但其生长曲线均符合上述生长模型的预测。该研究不但对植物小个体生长模型和代谢理论的可靠性进行了进一步的验证,而且还使该理论的应用与发展得到进一步的完善。     

云南粳稻区水稻品种多样性田间稻瘟病菌群体的遗传结构

利用稻瘟病菌的一段倒位重复序列Pot2设计的一对引物,采用rep PCR分子指纹技术对来自云南省弥勒县粳稻种植区的水稻品种（净栽合系41、净栽黄壳糯、混栽合系41和黄壳糯）多样性田间242个稻瘟病单孢分离菌株的DNA进行扩增。结果显示所有供试菌株均扩增出2~28条谱带,扩增片段大小为400 bp~23 kb,但80%左右的片段集中在0.4~6.0 kb。将供试菌株扩增谱带进行聚类分析,比较了混栽与净栽田间病菌群体遗传结构的组成差异。结果表明,在粳稻种植区,水稻品种多样性种植有利于对稻瘟病菌的稳定性选择,在不同的遗传相似水平, 菌株遗传宗群复杂度与栽培方式有一定的相关性。混栽田间病菌遗传宗群较净栽田间复杂。在80％的相似水平上,净栽糯稻田间的稻瘟病菌被划为13个宗群,而混栽粳稻和黄壳糯田间由糯稻品种上分离的稻瘟病菌群体被划为20个宗群;净栽粳稻田间的稻瘟病菌可划为9个宗群,而混栽粳稻和糯稻田间由粳稻品种上分离的稻瘟病菌群体可划为15个宗群。     

桤柏混交林林下植被结构及生物量动态

林下植被是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,在森林生态系统的物质循环、生物多样性以及演替、发展等方面具有重要的作用.选取具有代表性的10,15,20,25 a桤(Aluns cremastogyme)柏(Cupressus fu-nebris)混交林和由桤柏混交林演替而来的30 a纯柏林为研究对象,研究了川中丘陵区桤柏混交林的林下植被结构及生物量的动态变化.(1)灌丛和草本的物种丰富度在10～20 a间增加,20～30 a间,灌丛物种丰富度显著降低,草本层无明显变化.(2)灌丛和草本层的高度在10～15 a间显著增加,15～30 a间缓慢降低,灌丛高度具较大的空间异质性.(3)灌丛和草本层的盖度在15 a前后有显著的上升和下降,20～30a间无显著的变化;草本层的盖度高于灌丛,且空间异质性小于灌从.(4)灌丛生物量在15 a前后有显著增加和下降,20～30 a间相对稳定;草本层生物量在10～30 a间呈波动性变化,但总体上呈下降趋势.研究结果表明,在桤柏混交林的生长发育过程中,林下植被的结构和功能呈逐渐退化趋势.     

The decline of Austrocedrus chilensis forests in Patagonia, Argentina: soil features as predisposing factors

The forests of Austrocedrus chilensis in southern Argentina suffer mortality from “mal del ciprés”, whose causes remain unknown. The purpose of this work was to establish the relation of soil features with the occurrence of the disease. In Río Grande Valley, Chubut Province, Argentina, 14 areas with “mal del ciprés” were selected for study. The spatial pattern of the decline varied among the different areas and was classified as aggregated and disaggregated. In each area, symptomatic and asymptomatic plots were established and characterized by 11 edaphic and topographic variables. Three forest areas where the disease was totally absent were also included. Site features were related to the occurrence of the decline using principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Results indicated that soil properties related to poor internal drainage, such as the proximity to water streams, non-allophanized soils of fine textures, and redoximorphic features, act as predisposing factors to the development of “mal del ciprés”. Poor soil drainage was strongly associated not only with the occurrence of the disease, but also with its spatial pattern. Symptomatic and asymptomatic plots presented similar edaphic features in areas with a disaggregated distribution of the decline and were grouped together in the multivariate analysis. This result suggests that large areas with such a pattern are prone to develop the decline.     

宁夏灌区玉米平播密植模式下的农田蛾类多样性研究

为了解宁夏灌区玉米平播密植模式下田间蛾类昆虫的组成及发生时序动态,对灌区玉米田进行灯诱监测,获得蛾类昆虫标本10科42种。明确了该种植模式下蛾类以夜蛾科(Noctuidae)和草螟科(Crambidae)昆虫为主要类群,优势种为旋幽夜蛾(Discestra trifolii)、草地螟(Loxostege sticticalis)、亚洲玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)和小地老虎(Agrotis ypsilon)。刀夜蛾(Simyra nervosa)为宁夏新记录的种类。8月下旬蛾类群落多样性水平最高,Shannon-Wiener指数、均匀度指数、丰富度指数及优势度指数依次为2.509 8、0.868 3、4.492 4、0.089 9。不同阶段蛾类群落相似性水平均很低,其中以7月上旬与7月中旬相似性水平最高,为0.526 3;相异性以6月中旬与7月上旬最高,为0.888 9。     

Assessing raindrop impact energy at the forest floor in a mature Japanese cypress plantation using continuous raindrop-sizing instruments

The raindrop size distribution of throughfall and open rainfall was monitored continuously during a rainfall event using laser raindrop-sizing instruments (LD gauges), in order to calculate the raindrop impact energy in a plantation of mature Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa), where surface erosion at the forest floor had been a problem. Data from two rainfall events were analyzed. The LD gauges recorded qualitative raindrop size distribution, and the capture rate during each rainfall event was used to manipulate raindrop data quantitatively. Throughfall and open rainfall comparisons revealed several important differences. First, throughfall raindrops were fewer in number and larger in size than open rainfall drops. In one rainfall event, for example, throughfall raindrops were less than one-fifth as frequent as open rainfall raindrops; in addition, the maximum throughfall raindrop diameter was 6.35mm compared to 3.31mm for open rainfall raindrops. Second, throughfall raindrops that were larger than the largest open rainfall raindrops comprised 63.8% of the throughfall precipitation by volume. Third, total raindrop impact energy from throughfall was over twice that of open rainfall. Moreover, comparison of throughfall events implied that throughfall raindrops did not always have a uniform distribution between different events or among different periods of time in one rainfall event, in contrast to findings in previous studies which showed that throughfall raindrops had a uniform size distribution independent of rainfall intensity. It is possible that an abrupt transition of throughfall intensity from low to high changes the distribution of throughfall raindrops.     

不同种植制度对土壤质量的影响

[目的]探讨由大田作物转变为大棚蔬菜生产过程中土壤性状变化及其可能对环境产生的不利影响。[方法]于2007～2009年跟踪调查了上海崇明主要种植制度（露地轮作、温室轮作和温室单作）下农户施肥、灌溉及作物生长状况,并分析了土壤质量的变化。[结果]不同种植制度显著影响土壤质量。与露地轮作相比,温室栽培下过量有机肥和无机肥的投入显著提高了土壤中有机碳、矿质氮、有效磷和可交换钾的含量。温室单作和温室轮作分别导致土壤pH下降0.6和0.4,而露地土壤pH变化不大。同时,温室栽培土壤中EC值、NO3-和Cl-含量均显著高于露地轮作土壤,且随种植年限的增加有增加的趋势,而露地土壤盐分变化不明显。[结论]农户缺乏科学的田间管理指导、一味追求短时期内的高产、过量的施肥灌溉及高复种指数是导致温室土壤严重盐渍化的主要原因。     

柏木低效林不同改造模式中土壤微生物及酶活性的研究

【目的】探讨不同改造模式对柏木Cupressus funebris低效林的改造效果,为低效林改造提供理论和技术参考。【方法】以四川省德阳市旌阳区柏木低效林改造区5种种植模式［核桃(无植草)、核桃+菊苣、核桃+苜蓿、核桃+鸭茅、纯柏(对照)］为对象,研究林地土壤微生物、酶活性的时空分布格局。【结果】对柏木低效林进行改造后,各种植模式中的土壤微生物数量、酶活性明显增加,核桃+菊苣模式最为明显,其微生物总数、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶含量分别提高了112.5%、7.7%、33.0%、39.1%和62.9%,且0～15 cm土层显著高于15～30 cm土层（P<0.05）。土壤微生物与4种酶活性季节变化规律不一,真菌数量以夏季最高,放线菌以春季最高,而细菌则表现为秋季最高;过氧化氢酶活性以秋季最高,其他3种酶活性皆以春季最高。土壤微生物总量与蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,与过氧化氢酶呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。【结论】各改造模式均在一定程度上改善了土壤肥力,而核桃+菊苣模式改造效果最佳。