应用气候因素对中山柏的生长量进行灰色预测

本文根据灰色系统理论,选用与中山柏的生态适应性和生长潜力有关的气候因素资料,采用关联序分析法,以关联度来作为气候生态适应性的一种度量,并结合数理统计原理,根据气候生态适应性关联度值的线性回归模型对中山柏的生长量进行灰色预测.结果表明,预测精度较高,而且计算简便,实用性好,为林木生长量的预测提供了一种新方法.     

桧溪镇农业机械推广前景分析

农业机械是农业科学推广应用的载体,农业机械在农业生产中,改善农民落后的生产生活方式和艰苦的生产环境,减轻农民的劳动强度,提高劳动生产率,产生了巨大的经济效益和社会效益,农业机械在我镇具有较高的推广价值和广阔的推广前景.     

Differentiation of Seiridium species associated with virulent cankers on cypress in the Mediterraneanregion by PCR-SSCP

A rapid and sensitive method was developed to discriminate between Seiridium cardinale and Seiridium cupressi , the fungi causing severe cankers on common cypress in the Mediterranean area. The method amplified sequence variants in the ITS2 region of ribosomal DNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, to reveal single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) between the two species. The greatest separation pattern was obtained with a gel matrix containing 7–10% formamide and 3–5% glycerol under optimized running conditions, which were found to be 30–40 V at 4–5°C for 4–8 h. Sequence homology among isolates within each of the two species caused no mobility shifts, with all isolates displaying the same migration pattern. A few base differences between S. cardinale and S. cupressi caused markedly different migration patterns, allowing differentiation of the two pathogens. Differences between these fungi at the genetic level are consistent with known data on morphological, physiological and pathogenic characteristics. SSCP analysis constitutes a rapid and easy-to-perform method by which to recognize and distinguish closely related organisms, and has considerable potential for use in diagnosis and taxonomy.     

松、杉、柏森林植物群落外貌、结构特征的研究

马尾松天然林、杉木人工纯林、柏木和杉木人工混交林是亚热带地区常见的森林植物群落，乔木层可划分为3个亚层：第1亚层高15—18m，第2亚层高9～15m，第3亚层高3～9m。灌木层中有许多物种经培育可成大材、良材的阔叶树萌蘖丛，其物种较丰富。组成天然马尾松林物种9种，杉木人工纯林11种，柏木和杉木人工混交林物种20种。灌木层的物种多样性指数高于乔木层和草本层，由橙木、映山红、白栎、乌饭、盐肤木、山柿、青冈栎、冬青、枫香、红楠、野桃、香港黄檀木等组成，草本层以芒萁五节芒等组成。     

Seasonal dynamics of the pink root fungus (Setophoma terrestris) in rhizosphere soil: Effect of crop species and rotation

Setophoma terrestris, a ubiquitous inhabitant of soil, causes pink root rot in various crops. In the present study, the density of S. terrestris was estimated by quantitative real-time PCR in onion and non-onion fields of Hokkaido, the northernmost island of Japan. Three-year observations in monoculture and rotation fields demonstrated that the fungus grew significantly from the third year onwards, and declined in fields planted with poor hosts (e.g., sugar beet and soybean) that produced few or no chlamydospores of S. terrestris. Seasonal analysis revealed that the population of S. terrestris consistently increased when the tops of onions fell over in summer, which is when root activity declines. However, the soil inoculum potential estimated by a seedling bioassay showed distinct seasonal patterns, which rose from post-harvest in winter and remained high until the subsequent planting in spring. Detailed surveys on depth distribution in an onion field detected a high population of S. terrestris in the effective layer (10–30 cm deep) but not below the hardpan (40 cm), implying that the fungus is intimately associated with roots. These results indicate that the proliferation of the fungus is closely related to root senescence and that over-wintered propagules play an important role in primary infections, affecting disease severity. The present study shows that the temporal dynamics of S. terrestris depend exclusively on the activity of infecting roots and provides circumstantial evidence on the deleterious impact of monoculture on crop production.     

油菜-小麦邻作模式对麦蚜种群动态的影响

为了探讨油菜-小麦邻作模式对麦蚜种群动态的控制作用,2009—2010年将小麦田和油菜田交界处设为0 m,在距0 m处2、4、6、8、16 m(包括0 m)处设立试验小区,记录麦蚜数量。邻作小麦田距离油菜田16 m处的无翅麦蚜数量最多,且与其它距离差异显著(P<0.05),而单作小麦田中各距离之间差异不显著(P>0.05);距离油菜田8~16 m处,小麦邻作田麦蚜数量的降低百分率骤减,分别从2009年的26.91%降低到1.02%和2010年的22.72%降低到0.53%。初步表明该邻作模式可以控制小麦田8 m以内的蚜虫数量。     

连作棉田土壤剖面钾含量变化特征及对不同耕作方式的响应

【目的】研究新疆绿洲农田棉花长期连作下土壤钾的消耗特征,明确不同耕作方式对连作棉田土壤剖面钾含量分布的影响,为绿洲棉田土地利用、管理和棉花可持续生产提供理论依据。【方法】在南疆宜棉区分别选择初垦1年和连续植棉5年、15年、20年、30年的连作棉田以及连作30年后采用深翻(60 cm)和水稻轮作措施的棉田,研究0—100 cm土壤剖面全钾和速效钾的变化特征。【结果】连作棉田土壤剖面全钾和速效钾自上而下呈现先降后升的变化趋势,在40—50 cm土层最低;连作年限不同的棉田土壤剖面不同深度土层全钾和速效钾含量发生明显分异。随连作年限的延长,上部0—20 cm耕作层含量先升后降,中部20—70 cm持续下降,下部70—100 cm有升高趋势。对长期连作棉田进行深翻,土壤剖面0—60 cm各土层全钾含量趋于平均化,中部土层速效钾的释放增强,棉花全生育期可维持较高的水平。采取棉花与水稻轮作,土壤全钾和速效钾含量自剖面上部至底部沉积的趋势明显,淋溶损失增强,下茬棉花全生育期0—40 cm速效钾含量偏低。【结论】棉花对土壤钾的消耗较多,每年通过籽棉收获从棉田迁出的钾每公顷可达63 kg左右;棉花长期连作对砂性土壤剖面中部钾消耗严重,以40—50 cm耗竭最重;深翻可打破连作条件下钾含量在土壤剖面的分布状态,显著提高剖面中部钾含量,并能促进速效钾的释放;稻棉轮作加速了钾的淋溶损失,导致后作棉花生育期间土壤钾含量普遍偏低,因此在砂性土壤上进行稻棉轮作应加强后茬棉花钾肥的补充。     

柏木人工林立地质量与林分结构规律的研究

本文通过对柏木人工林林分结构时、空间变化规律的研究,发现林木株数按径级的分布在幼龄期呈倒“丁”型,在中龄前期低指数级呈倒“丁”型,高指数级近似正态分布,而中龄后期为近似正态和正态型,随年龄和指数级的增大其径级分布从倒“丁”型向正态分布里有序的过渡;分析了不同立地质量下林分(?)、(?)、(?)及生物量等生长指标的变化规律,并建立了指数级和各指标之间的函数回归式,以实现对不同立地质量林分的评价预测;分析探讨了不同经营目的下林分的合理密度,为柏木人工林经营提供了技术指标和依据。     

华北低山丘陵区石榴-小麦间作系统的土壤呼吸特征——以河南省济源市试验点为例

在2010年3月至2010年6月,利用Li-8100土壤呼吸自动观测系统,研究了位于河南省济源市的华北低山丘陵区石榴-小麦间作系统(间作系统)和小麦单作系统(单作系统)内土壤呼吸速率(SRR)的时间变化特征及其与土壤温度和湿度的关系。结果表明:(1)间作系统和单作系统的SRR在晴天-多云均表现出明显的时间变化特征,呈单峰变化趋势,在阴天日波动变化幅度较小。SRR在晴天-多云和阴天与土壤温度的变化趋势均基本一致。间作系统的SRR高于单作系统。整个观测时期内间作系统和单作系统的平均SRR分别为1.813μmol.m-2.s-1和1.642μmol.m-2.s-1。(2)间作系统和单作系统SRR与15cm处土壤温度存在显著的指数相关关系,在该深处的Q10值分别为1.73和1.49。(3)间作系统和单作系统与20cm处的土壤体积含水量与SRR的相关关系均不明显。     

A comparison of a pasture ley with a maize monoculture on the soil fertility and nutrient release in the succeeding crop

Specialization within agriculture has been a key factor in increasing farm income. The production systems have become increasingly simple, since farmers only grow a small number of crops which have a favourable market price. However, monocultural systems require increasing use of agrochemicals leading to unsustainable environmental costs. In this work, the soil fertility of two plots in a crop rotation previously grown for 5 years as pasture or maize monoculture was evaluated. In the pasture, the upper 0–20 cm soil layer sequestered 17.4 Mg organic C ha^?1 and accumulated 403 kg N ha^?1 more than under maize monoculture. Analytical data from pot experiments showed that soil samples from the pasture plot released significantly more mineral N than soil samples from the maize monoculture. Maize dry matter (DM) yields in 2012 and 2013 were 15.3 and 10.0 Mg ha^?1 in the pasture plot and 8.8 and 8.4 Mg ha^?1 in the maize monoculture plot. Nitrogen recoveries by maize were 175.4 and 68.0 kg ha^?1 in the pasture and 78.3 and 50.3 kg ha^?1 in the maize monoculture plot. The pool of organic matter accumulated during the pasture phase immobilized important nutrients which benefited the succeeding crop as the organic substrate was mineralized.