苜蓿抗寒机理器抗寒育种研究进展

从渗透调节、过氧化作用、低温诱导蛋白、光合作用4个方面论述了苜蓿适应低温胁迫的机理，简介了苜蓿抗寒性育种研究进展，提出了尚待进一步研究的问题。     

钾肥对紫花苜蓿根颈丙二醛、可溶性蛋白含量与抗氧化系统的影响

为探究钾肥种类及用量对苜蓿(Medicago sativa)抗寒性的影响,本研究以'北极熊'为供试紫花苜蓿品种,采用二因素随机区组试验设计,研究了秋季施用不同钾肥(硫酸钾和氯化钾)及不同施用量(0,50,100,150,200 kg·hm-2 K2 O)对越冬期苜蓿根颈在不同温度(4℃,—20℃)处理下抗氧化酶[过氧化...     

热应激蛋白对畜禽抗应激机理的研究进展

热应激蛋白(heat shock proteins, HSPs)是机体在应激条件下所产生的一组特异性蛋白质,能使机体迅速适应环境变化。作者简要介绍了HSPs的来源及分类,阐述了HSP70 的基因结构和调控机制,综述了HSPs抗应激功能及在畜禽应激反应中的表达,以期为从分子水平探索HSPs 抗应激机理提供参考。     

肉种鸡鸡舍夏季通风降温试验

在两栋长145m，跨度5.4m的双坡式有窗封闭舍内，采用三层笼养方式分别饲养700只235日龄的艾维菌肉种鸡，将其中采用轴流式风机加湿帘纵向通风系统的一栋鸡舍作为试验组，而将另一栋采用窗户自然通风的鸡舍作为对照组，于夏季进行为期15d的试验，结果表明试验组与对照组的舍内温度在1d内明显不同，且舍外温度越高，试验组的舍内降温效果越好，相应地，试验组也减轻了肉种鸡的夏季热应激。     

Bright artificial light at night is associated with increased body mass,poor reproductive success and compromised disease tolerance in Australian budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus)

Artificial light at night (ALAN) can cause circadian disruption and result in adverse behavioral and ecological effects in free‐living birds, but studies on captive pet birds as companion animals have been infrequent. We studied the effects of exposure to bright ALAN on body mass, melatonin sulfate levels, reproduction and disease severity in Australian budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) kept in captivity. During the experiment, birds were kept under outdoor temperature, humidity and natural photoperiod from September to December. A total of 48 birds were equally split into 4 groups (6 mating pairs each) and concurrently exposed to ALAN of 200 lux with different duration (0, 30, 60 and 90 min). Monthly observations were recorded for all dependent parameters. ALAN exposure increased mass gain and suppressed melatonin levels in a dose‐dependent manner, especially during December. In addition, ALAN exposure in all duration groups decreased egg production and reduced hatchability from 61% ± 14% in the ALAN‐unexposed control group to 0% in the ALAN‐exposed birds. Disease severity was also found to increase in line with the duration of ALAN exposure. In captive M. undulatus, ALAN exposure was demonstrated to affect photoperiodic regulation with subsequent excess mass gain and reproduction impairment, and increased susceptibility to infections plausibly through duration dose‐dependent suppression of melatonin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate a possible association between acute bright ALAN of increasing duration and both natural development of infections as well as reproductive cessation in captive birds. Our findings could be used to improve breeding conditions of captive birds.     

Effect of dietary nutmeg oil on heat‐stress tolerance‐related parameters in Korean native chicken reared under hot temperature

This study investigated the effect of dietary nutmeg oil (NO) on growth performance, blood parameters, lipid peroxidation and heat shock protein (HSP) 70 expression in Korean native chicken (KNC) reared under hot temperature. We allocated 273 meat‐type KNCs (Hanhyup‐3, 4‐week‐old, body weight [BW] = 539.93 ± 1.75 g) to the following three treatments with seven replicate pens (13 birds/pen) per treatment. Three treatment diets were as follows: (a) Control, basal diet without NO supplementation; (b) NO 250; and (c) NO 500, basal diet supplemented with 250 and 500 ppm NO respectively. Diets and water were provided ad libitum throughout the 6‐week feeding trial. During overall period (0–6 weeks), no differences (p > 0.05) were observed in BW gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion rate (FCR) among treatments. However, the FI at 0–3 weeks decreased (p < 0.05) quadratically with increasing NO levels. Most blood parameters did not differ (p > 0.05) among treatments, although the monocyte level of the NO 500 group was considerably lower (p > 0.05) than that of the other groups. Furthermore, dietary NO did not affect serum triglyceride, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, calcium, phosphorus and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (p > 0.05); however, it linearly decreased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level (p < 0.05). Additionally, serum malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration decreased (p < 0.05) and heart MDA concentration was lower (p = 0.08) with increasing dietary NO supplementation. After a 3‐hr heat (35°C) challenge, the rectal temperature (RT) reduced (p < 0.05) linearly with increasing NO levels. Dietary NO did not affect liver HSP70 (p > 0.05) gene expression. In conclusion, NO potentially enhanced the ability of chickens to alleviate heat stress. Furthermore, our findings suggest that lipid oxidation inhibition by dietary NO likely mediated the enhanced heat‐stress tolerance of the chickens.     

盐碱胁迫下黑麦草生长及离子微区分布特征

盐碱生境通过离子毒害和渗透胁迫等抑制植物的生长发育。离子微区分布调控主要通过调整盐分在不同部位的分布来减轻Na⁺等高浓度离子对重要组织器官的毒害作用,是盐碱胁迫下植物生存的重要策略之一。为探究黑麦草在盐碱胁迫下的离子微区分布特征,本研究通过水培法,采用不同盐碱浓度(0、50、100、200 mmol·L^-1)培养液处理黑麦草植株,考察其生长、离子吸收、运输选择性和微区分布变化,揭示黑麦草对盐碱胁迫的适应机制。结果表明:1) 盐碱胁迫下,植株的相对含水率、叶绿素含量逐渐降低,电解质外渗率显著升高;当盐碱浓度大于100 mmol·L^-1时,根长、株高和生物量均显著降低,即黑麦草的耐盐阈值是100~200 mmol·L^-1;2) 盐碱浓度为50 mmol·L^-1时,植株根中K⁺/Na⁺较空白升高了48.3%,Ca²⁺/Na⁺升高了54.1%,说明黑麦草根部可通过增强K⁺、Ca²⁺的吸收来维持细胞渗透压并缓解高浓度Na⁺的毒性;3) 在50~200 mmol·L^-1的盐碱浓度下,黑麦草叶片中可溶性组分及细胞壁中Na⁺的相对含量较对照显著增加,但细胞器内Na⁺的相对含量降低,说明叶部将Na⁺富集在液泡和细胞壁中,以减少Na⁺对细胞器的毒害作用;4) 叶片微观结构的SEM电镜图片显示,盐碱胁迫下叶片表皮增厚、导管数量减少和孔径缩小。综上所述,盐碱胁迫下黑麦草不同器官的适应机理不同,根部主要通过强化K⁺、Ca²⁺的吸收,降低对Na⁺的吸收,并将Na⁺区隔化在液泡中以降低离子毒害和维持渗透调节,而叶片主要通过将Na⁺区隔在液泡及细胞壁中,以及微观结构的变化来保护细胞器免受离子毒害。本研究可为黑麦草的耐盐碱适应机制及其在盐碱土上的种植提供理论依据。     

盐胁迫对离体百合不定芽诱导及生理活性的影响

采用组织培养法研究了5种NaCl浓度0％,0.3％,0.5％,0.8％,1.2％对百合不定芽诱导、生长及丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸、蛋白质含量和过氧化物酶活性的影响.结果表明:百合对盐胁迫极为敏感,随NaCl浓度的增加,百合不定芽形成频率逐渐降低,不定芽及不定根生长缓慢,且在1.2％NaCl浓度下,无不定芽及根的形成.进...     

Effects of Exogenous Glycine Betaine on the Physiological Characteristics in Medicago sativa Seedlings under Low-temperature Stress北大核心CSCD

In this study,the 'Ganong 5th' alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was used as experimental material,and two application methods (leaf application,root application) and six exogenous betaine concentrations (0,10,20,30,40 and 50 mmol·L-1) were used to treat the seedlings of alfalfa. Plant growth and related physiological indexes were measured after 7 days of low temperature (4?) stress,and the physiological mechanism of exogenous betaine to alleviate the low temperature stress of alfalfa was explored. The results showed that exogenous GB alleviated the loss of plant height,root length,leaf dry weight,root dry weight and chlorophyll content,and increase the content of soluble sugar (SS) and free proline (Pro),and reduced the increase in leaf relative membrane permeability and MDA content. Exogenous GB increased antioxidant enzyme activities and non-enzymatic antioxidant content. And also,exogenous GB enhanced the osmotic adjustment capacity of the plant by increasing endogenous GB accumulation and BADH activity. These results indicated that exogenous GB enhanced the resistance of Medicago sativa to low-temperature stress under low temperature adjustment. The membership function analysis indicated that spraying 30 mmol·L-1 GB on the leaves and spraying 40 mmol·L-1 GB on the roots had the best effect on alleviating the low-temperature stress of alfalfa seedlings. © 2019 Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ ｏｆ Ｒｅｆｒｉｇｅｒａｔｉｏｎ. All rights reserved.     

模拟干旱和盐胁迫下沙冬青种子硬实特性和抗逆性的研究

将1~5 d内每天吸胀的沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)种子视为不同硬实程度的种子T₁,T₂,T₃,T₄和T₅,与第5 d仍未吸胀的硬实种子(记作T_r)作为试材对其硬实特性和抗逆性进行研究,以期为沙冬青种子栽培驯化提供理论依据。结果表明:随着硬实程度的提高,种子的发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数呈上升趋势;电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量逐渐下降;可溶性蛋白含量逐渐上升。不同处理对种子的硬实破除效果表明,80℃热水浸泡种子可达到最佳破除效果。通过测定模拟干旱胁迫和盐胁迫下不同硬实程度种子的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和脯氨酸(Pro)含量,表明在相同逆境条件下,随硬实程度的加深,除极个别外,各项指标值均有不同程度的升高,且一定胁迫强度下硬实种子萌发幼苗的各酶活性和脯氨酸含量均极显著高于其他萌发幼苗(P<0.01),因此,硬实种子比非硬实种子有较强的保护酶调节系统。硬实程度越高,耐旱和耐盐能力也随之升高。