成年云岭黑山羊的屠宰性能及肉质理化特性研究*

 对白天放牧,晚上补饲的24月龄成年云岭黑山羊的屠宰性能及肉质理化特性进行研究。8头云岭黑山羊用于本试验,所有试验山羊14日龄去势,90日龄断奶。断奶后采用“白天放牧、晚上补饲”的半放牧饲养方式,补充饲料粗蛋白18.5%,代谢能12.5 MJ/kg。饲养至24月龄屠宰,测定屠宰性能和背最长肌理化特性。屠宰性能结果显示,宰前活重、胴体重、净肉重、屠宰率和净肉率分别为37.6 kg,20.8 kg,15.8 kg,55.3％和42.0％。背最长肌的理化特性结果显示,粗水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分的百分含量分别为75.53％,19.98％,3.24％,0.99％。宰后45 min pH值6.13,在4 ℃条件下贮存24 h后的pH值5.55。结果显示,成年云岭黑山羊在较大月龄（24月龄）有较高的产肉量,肉质的各项理化指标均在正常范围内。     

鲤鱼父母本及F1代肌肉中主要营养成分的比较分析

对州河鲤、德国镜鲤及其F1代正交组和反交组鲤鱼肌肉中的主要营养成分进行了比较研究,旨在对杂交鲤的营养品质做出科学评估;分析用样品取自鲤鱼背部肌肉。结果表明:F1代正交组的水分含量显著高于两种亲本鲤鱼,而F1代反交组的水分含量显著高于F1代正交组;4种鲤鱼肌肉中的粗蛋白含量无显著性差异;两种亲本鲤鱼的脂肪含量显著高于F1代,两种F1代的脂肪含量无显著性差异;4种鲤鱼肌肉中的总灰分及钙、镁、锌、铁的平均含量均无显著性差异。研究结果显示,F1代杂交鲤基本保留了亲本鲤鱼的营养学优良性状。     

Evaluation of functional muscle anatomy scalability in the canine hind limb

In contrast to other mammals, the large variation in dog sizes is not accompanied by any significant genetic re-organization. In order to study the relationship between body mass, limb length and the functional anatomical muscle parameters of the canine hind limb, a large dataset comprising of muscle masses, optimal muscle fibre lengths and physiological cross-sectional area's (PCSA) were acquired for twenty-five muscles in ten dogs of sizes varying between 20 kg and 52 kg. The potential of body mass and limb length for reliably scaling individual muscle masses, optimal muscle fibre lengths and PCSA's were examined. For the majority of the muscles of the canine hind limb, neither body mass nor limb length were reliable scaling parameter for either muscle masses, PCSA's and optimal fibre length. These results indicate the need of a breed-specific approach to musculoskeletal modelling in future canine musculoskeletal research.     

南方鲶肌肉,鳔及胡子鲶肌肉的水解和游离氨基酸研究

本试验测定了南方鲶肌内和鳔及胡子鲶肌肉的水解氨基酸和游离氨基酸含量，并对其营养价值进行了比较，评价。     

Effects of vegetable oil supplementation on feed intake,rumen fermentation,growth performance,and carcass characteristic of growing swamp buffaloes

Fifteen, one year old swamp buffalo males with average liveweight of 200.5 ± 9.5 kg were randomly assigned according to a completely randomized design to receive three dietary treatments of supplemental vegetable oils in concentrate contained 140, 750, and 16 g of crude protein, total digestible nutrient, and ether extract, respectively (T1 = unsupplemented, T2 = supplemental coconut oil and sunflower oil in ratio 50:50 at 6% of concentrate, and T3 = supplemental sunflower oil at 6% of concentrate) during a 5-month feeding trial. Urea-treated rice straw was offered ad libitum and concentrate was supplemented at 150 g/kg BW. The results revealed that supplementation of vegetable oils decreased dry matter intake in sunflower oil supplemented group. Combination of coconut oil and sunflower oil supplementation resulted in similar average daily gain as those found in control and in sunflower oil supplemented groups. Rumen microorganism population, ammonia–nitrogen, blood urea–nitrogen and total volatile fatty acid concentrations were decreased as vegetable oils were supplemented. Oil supplementation slightly reduced growth rate, hot carcass percentage, loin eye area particularly on sunflower oil supplemented group. Based on these findings, vegetable oil resulted in decreased performance of swamp buffaloes although the combination of coconut oil and sunflower oil could reduce negative effect of unsaturated oil supplementation. However, further analyses of conjugated fatty acids (CLA) in meat could offer useful information in determining pronounced effects of vegetable oil supplementation.     

Detection of Leishmania spp. and associated inflammation in ocular‐associated smooth and striated muscles in dogs with patent leishmaniosis

Objective Canine leishmaniosis is a disease characterized by the wide distribution of the parasite throughout the tissues of the host. The purpose of this study was to describe the presence of Leishmania spp. and associated inflammation in ocular‐associated muscles of dogs with patent leishmaniosis. Procedures Smooth muscles (iris dilator muscle, iris sphincter muscle, ciliary muscle, Müller muscle, smooth muscle of the periorbita and smooth muscle of the nictitating membrane) and striated muscles (orbicularis oculi muscle, obliquus dorsalis muscle and dorsal rectus muscle) were evaluated. Routine staining with hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemistry to detect Leishmania spp. were performed on tissue sections. Results Granulomatous inflammation was seen surrounding muscular fibers and was composed mainly of macrophages with scattered lymphocytes and plasma cells. This infiltrate could be seen in 52/473 (10.99%) samples of smooth muscle and 36/142 (25.35%) samples of striated muscle. Parasites were detected in 43/473 (9.09%) samples of smooth muscle and in 28/142 (19.71%) samples of striated muscle. Conclusions To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report assessing the presence of Leishmania spp. and associated infiltrate in intraocular, extraocular and adnexal smooth and striated muscles. The inflammation present in those muscles could contribute to clinical signs already described, such as blepharitis, uveitis, and orbital cellulitis.     

亮氨酸调节动物骨骼肌蛋白质分解的研究进展

随着对亮氨酸调节试验动物(如鼠)生理功能研究的深入,学者们发现,亮氨酸对于骨骼肌蛋白质沉积的影响不仅是其可以提高骨骼肌蛋白质的合成,还由于其可以减少骨骼肌蛋白质的分解,而这一过程中,亮氨酸对于骨骼肌细胞内蛋白质降解的多条途径都存在抑制作用。本文综述了亮氨酸对动物(如鼠)骨骼肌及其细胞内蛋白质分解的调节作用,并分析讨论了这一过程当中亮氨酸的相关作用机制。     

二花脸猪和大白猪背最长肌中肌肉生长抑制素和生肌调节因子基因的表达及其性别特点

用相对定量RT—PCR方法研究大白猪和二花脸猪背最长肌中肌肉生长抑制素（Myostatin）和生肌调节因子（Myo—genin）基因表达的发育性变化并进行品种及性别间比较。研究结果表明：大白猪公猪Myostatin mRNA表达水平在20日龄时达到高峰且显著高于相同日龄二花脸公猪（P〈0．05）,而二花脸公猪在45日龄时才显著升高,其他日龄品种间差异不显著。二花脸公猪和母猪出生后Myostatin mRNA表达水平均表现为上升,45日龄时达到高峰,120日龄时公母猪间差异显著（P〈0．05）。二花脸公猪与大白猪公猪Myogenin mRNA的表达发育模式基本相同,均在20日龄达到最高值,品种问差异不显著。90日龄二花脸母猪Myogenin mRNA表达水平较公猪显著下调（P〈0．05）。结果提示,猪背最长肌中Myostatin和Myogenin基因表达水平在猪出生后早期均较高,但没有出现随着日龄的增加而一直升高或降低的趋势;两种基因的表达在20日龄出现品种间差异;性成熟前后二花脸公母猪间表达有差异。     

Changes of histochemical profiles of myofibers in pectoralis and supracoracoideus fasciculi induced by breeding for large or small body size in Japanese quails

The histochemical profiles of myofibers in Musculus pectoralis (PT) and M. supracoracoideus (SC) fasciculi were compared among Japanese quail strains with large, normal and small body sizes. In male and female adults, both the PT and SC muscles had attained a 2.5–2.7-fold weight gain in the large strain and conversely a 0.43–0.50-fold change in the small strain relative to those of the normal size. The muscles were composed of fasciculi with a central cluster of type IIA fibers surrounded by a peripheral layer of type IIB fibers. In the large strain, the cross sectional area (CSA) of the fasciculus and CSA of the fibers in each type were significantly enlarged compared with those in the normal size, with the exception of the fasciculus in the deep region of the male PT muscle. The hypertrophied type IIA fibers in the large strain showed considerable variation in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase activity, some of which might represent a transitional form into type IIB fibers. In the small strain, the fasciculus CSA did not significantly differ from that of the normal size except for the PT surface region of the male. However, fiber atrophy was observed in type IIB fibers of the PT surface region in both sexes, and type IIA fibers of the PT deep region and SC muscle in the small strain male quails. The relative fiber type composition of a fasciculus in each region showed only a slight change across the strains. These results indicate that breast muscle hypertrophy in the large strain could be based mainly on fasciculus and fiber hypertrophy, but muscle atrophy in the small strain is not induced by fasciculus and fiber atrophy.     

微卫星座位多态性与两个肉用绵羊群体眼肌性状的关系

根据绵羊18号染色体遗传连锁图谱及相关报道,选择了可能与Carwell基因连锁或与眼肌性状有关的10个高度多态微卫星基因座,研究它们与眼肌性状的关系。应用非变性聚丙烯酰胺和复合银染技术分析了这些基因座的多态性,并分别对Dorset和Suffolk与新疆细毛羊级进杂交F2代两个肉羊群体的遗传特性进行了分析。应用最小二乘拟合线性模型分析了10个微卫星基因座多态性与超声波测量的眼肌性状(眼肌面积,眼肌厚度,眼肌宽度)的关系。结果表明:(1)Dorset群体中,BM3413基因座对眼肌厚度有显著影响(P<0.05),TGLA122基因座对眼肌宽度有显著影响(P<0.05),MCMA26基因座对眼肌厚度和宽度均有显著影响(P<0.05),从而影响眼肌面积;(2)Suffolk群体中,MCM38、CSSM18、ILSTS54和BM3413对眼肌厚度和宽度同时具有影响而显著或极显著地影响眼肌面积(P<0.05或P<0.01)。同时,本研究还发现了一些显著影响绵羊眼肌面积的最有利基因型:Dor-set群体中,微卫星基因座MCMA26的基因型FN(196 bp/222 bp)和基因型EM(192 bp/220 bp);Suffolk群体中,微卫星基因座CSSM18的基因型AE(124 bp/134 bp),ILSTS54的基因型AD(130 bp/148 bp)和CD(134 bp/148bp)以及BM3413的基因型BF(190 bp/232 bp)。综合分析表明:(1)微卫星MCMA26-CSSM18区域可能为Carwell基因的存在位点,而BM3413可能是一个除Callipyge与Carwell之外新的影响绵羊后臀和眼肌性状QTL或基因的存在区域;(2)本研究发现的一些最有利基因型在今后的肉羊选育中有望作为相应群体早期辅助选择的标记基因型。