肉食家畜不同部位肌肉组分及其系水力的比较性研究

本试验选用猪、牛和羊的躯干肌肉腰大肌及背最长肌和面部肌肉咬肌为样品,进行肌浆蛋白的电泳分析,测定了系水力、羟脯氨酸、肌红蛋白、脂肪、水分和氮的含量。结果表明:不同部位肌肉组分和系水力差异明显,咬肌肌浆蛋白电泳带与腰大肌和背最长肌差异显著,前者的系水力亦远高于后两者(P<0.01)。咬肌还具有肌红蛋白含量高(猪和牛P<0.01;羊P<0.05),羟脯氨酸、水分含量多(P<0.01)的特征,作者认为肌肉肌浆蛋白与其系水力关系密切,咬肌主要是由红肌纤维组成,此类肌肉具有较好的保水性能。     

亮氨酸调节哺乳动物骨骼肌蛋白质合成的研究进展

本文综述了亮氨酸处理对哺乳动物(主要是鼠和猪)骨骼肌及其细胞蛋白质合成的影响规律,并分析讨论了这一过程中亮氨酸的作用机制.近年来,大量的体内和体外试验研究表明,长期或短期高剂量的亮氨酸处理能够刺激哺乳动物骨骼肌内蛋白质的合成,而这不仅仅是由于亮氨酸可以为骨骼肌蛋白质合成提供能量和基质,还由于其可以调节骨骼肌细胞内与蛋白...     

Effects of vegetable oil supplementation on feed intake,rumen fermentation,growth performance,and carcass characteristic of growing swamp buffaloes

Fifteen, one year old swamp buffalo males with average liveweight of 200.5 ± 9.5 kg were randomly assigned according to a completely randomized design to receive three dietary treatments of supplemental vegetable oils in concentrate contained 140, 750, and 16 g of crude protein, total digestible nutrient, and ether extract, respectively (T1 = unsupplemented, T2 = supplemental coconut oil and sunflower oil in ratio 50:50 at 6% of concentrate, and T3 = supplemental sunflower oil at 6% of concentrate) during a 5-month feeding trial. Urea-treated rice straw was offered ad libitum and concentrate was supplemented at 150 g/kg BW. The results revealed that supplementation of vegetable oils decreased dry matter intake in sunflower oil supplemented group. Combination of coconut oil and sunflower oil supplementation resulted in similar average daily gain as those found in control and in sunflower oil supplemented groups. Rumen microorganism population, ammonia–nitrogen, blood urea–nitrogen and total volatile fatty acid concentrations were decreased as vegetable oils were supplemented. Oil supplementation slightly reduced growth rate, hot carcass percentage, loin eye area particularly on sunflower oil supplemented group. Based on these findings, vegetable oil resulted in decreased performance of swamp buffaloes although the combination of coconut oil and sunflower oil could reduce negative effect of unsaturated oil supplementation. However, further analyses of conjugated fatty acids (CLA) in meat could offer useful information in determining pronounced effects of vegetable oil supplementation.     

Vegetation-type effects on performance and meat quality of growing Engadine and Valaisian Black Nose sheep grazing alpine pastures

Lambs of two Swiss mountain breeds, Engadine Sheep (ES; n=55) and Valaisian Black Nose Sheep (VS; n=55), were fattened in 2010 and 2011 on one lowland and three alpine pastures. Groups of six to seven lambs per breed were allocated to pastures of a size allowing ad libitum intake on the following four vegetation types: (i) species-poor and nutrient-rich lowland (400 m a.s.l.) ryegrass–clover ley on flat terrain (‘lowland-rich’); (ii) alpine, species-rich and nutrient-rich vegetation type on a flat terrain (1950 m; ‘alpine-rich’); (iii) alpine, species-rich vegetation type, moderate in nutrients on steep terrain (2150 m; ‘alpine-moderate’); and (iv) alpine, species-rich and nutrient-poor vegetation type on steep terrain (2150 m; ‘alpine-poor’). Lambs were slaughtered after 9 weeks of grazing in a commercial slaughterhouse. Carcasses were subjected to the Swiss CH-TAX classification grid. Meat quality was analysed on the Musculus longissimus dorsi (LD) in the segment of Musculus longissimus lumborum. Forage quality varied among vegetation types as anticipated. Across all sites, ES were superior (P<0.001) to VS in dressing percentage (43.9 vs. 38.4), carcass weight (18.4 vs. 16.4 kg), meat conformation and fat cover scores, even though daily gains had been lower (105 vs. 122 g/d; P<0.05). Meat of ES contained more dry matter, protein, total ash (P<0.001) and fat (P<0.05). Their meat was darker and more intensive red, had lower cooking losses (23.0 vs. 25.1%) but was less tender (65.6 vs. 58.1 N) compared to VS (P<0.001). Vegetation types offering good quality forage (lowland-rich and alpine-rich) enhanced average daily gains, dressing percentage, meat conformation and fat cover scores (mostly P<0.05 against alpine-moderate and -poor). Similarly, a higher vegetation quality promoted a higher intramuscular fat and lower cooking losses. Meat from lowland-rich was darkest and had the lowest shear force (P<0.05). Almost no breed×site interactions occurred in growth performance as well as carcass and meat quality. It was therefore concluded that both breeds are similarly well adapted to the extensive pasture production system in alpine regions. Still, ES seem to be the more efficient one of the two sheep breeds. The results also indicate that growth performance and meat quality clearly vary between vegetation types in animals grazing alpine pastures.     

miR-27a和miR-378在中外猪种背最长肌中的差异表达研究

为了研究miRNA表达量与肉质风味表型指标的相关性,试验采用荧光定量PCR技术(Q-PCR)检测了4个猪种背最长肌中miR-27a和miR-378的差异表达。结果表明:背最长肌组织中2种miRNA的表达水平在4个猪种中趋于一致。相关性分析显示,2种miRNA在背最长肌中的表达水平与肌内脂肪含量和硫胺素含量呈正相关,与肌纤维直径、眼肌面积和瘦肉率呈负相关。表明miR-27a和miR-378对猪肉品质具有正调控作用,而对猪胴体品质具有负调控作用。该研究可为阐明miRNA在猪肌肉生长和脂肪沉积过程中的调控机制提供基础数据。     

明胶涂膜保持猪背最长肌冷藏期间新鲜度

与传统的包装材料相比,冷鲜肉的明胶涂膜处理具有众多优势,这也决定其具有广阔的发展前景。为研究明胶涂膜处理对生鲜肉冷藏期间氧化稳定性和新鲜度的影响。该文以猪背最长肌为材料,研究其经过不同浓度(0%、10%、20%)明胶涂膜处理后冷藏期间的加压失水率、脂肪氧化、蛋白质氧化、血红素铁、挥发性盐基氮以及肉色的变化情况。结果表明:猪背最长肌在4℃条件下冷藏第3、5和7 d时,明胶涂膜处理组的硫代巴比妥酸反应值、蛋白质羰基、血红素铁质量分数、挥发性盐基氮值、红度值以及高铁肌红蛋白质量分数分别与对照组比较,结果均存在显著性差异(P0.05)。此外,在冷藏时间相同的条件下,10%与20%明胶涂膜处理组之间均差异不显著(P0.05)。试验证实,明胶涂膜处理有益于提高冷藏期间肉品的氧化稳定性,维系理想的肉品色泽及延长其货架期。     

深度测序鉴定绵羊microRNA转录组

本研究采集的Texel绵羊胎儿的背最长肌样品包括5个发育阶段:70、85、100、120和135 d。通过采用Solexa测序技术对混池样品进行了microRNA(miRNA)深度测序,获得了16532850条原始序列读数。使用ACGT101-miR v4.2分析软件对miRNA测序数据进行了深度发掘;通过与最新的哺乳动物成熟miRNA序列(miRNA数据库:miRBase v17.0)、miRNA前体序列、绵羊基因组序列(绵羊基因组数据库,2010年2月)的比对分析,对绵羊microRNA转录组数据库进行了大幅更新,pre-miRNA(miRNA前体)序列增至1529条,编码的miRNA成熟体序列增至1999条。通过实时荧光定量PCR技术对深度测序获得的5个miRNA在混池样品中进行了验证。绵羊miRNA的研究起步较晚,而miRNA的发现与鉴定将促进基因调控机制及miRNA功能的研究。     

南阳黑猪和大白猪脂肪酸分析及其综合评价

试验旨在研究南阳黑猪脂肪酸组成及含量,以期为中国地方猪种遗传资源的保护及开发利用提供理论依据。以南阳黑猪和大白猪为研究对象,每品种猪各12头,测量背最长肌脂肪酸含量及种类,以脂肪酸种类及数量、单不饱和脂肪酸（monounsaturated fatty acid,MUFA）、多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA）、饱和脂肪酸（saturated fatty acid,SFA）、12-16碳饱和脂肪酸（饱和脂肪酸1,SFA1）、其他饱和脂肪酸（饱和脂肪酸2,SFA2）、不饱和脂肪酸（unsaturated fatty acids,UFA）、SFA2/SFA1、PUFA/MUFA、必需脂肪酸（essential fatty acid,EFA）、共轭亚油酸（conjugated linoleic acids,CLA）、PUFA/SFA、ω-6 PUFA/ω-3 PUFA等为指标,从营养、健康、风味及储存方面综合评价两个猪种猪肉脂肪酸品质。结果显示,两个猪种背最长肌中共检出30种脂肪酸,其中23种脂肪酸在两个猪种间有显著或极显著差异（P<0.05;P<0.01）;除SFA2/SFA1和ω-6 PUFA /ω-3 PUFA外,南阳黑猪其他指标均高于大白猪;SFA1、MUFA、PUFA、SFA、UFA、UFA/SFA、SFA2/SFA1、PUFA/MUFA、EFA、CLA、PUFA/SFA、ω-6 PUFA/ω-3 PUFA 11个指标在两个猪种间存在显著或极显著差异（P<0.05;P<0.01）,SFA2和PUFA/MUFA在两个猪种间无显著差异（P>0.05）。综合以上结果,南阳黑猪肌肉脂肪酸品质总体优于大白猪。     

Whole body vibration affects the cross‐sectional area and symmetry of the m. multifidus of the thoracolumbar spine in the horse

Whole body vibration (WBV) has been used as an adjunctive therapy to improve the strength and size of paraspinal muscles as well as postural control in people with lower back pain. It has been proposed that activation of the m. multifidus plays a key role. As the function and anatomy of the m. multifidus in the horse is comparable to that in man, the authors investigated whether WBV might also be a valuable physiotherapeutic modality in horses. The effects of WBV on the cross‐sectional area (CSA) and left to right symmetry of the m. multifidus at various locations of the thoracolumbar spine of the horse was evaluated in a single‐subject quasi‐experimental time‐series design with repeated measure. Nine horses were subject to WBV, 30 min, twice daily, 5 days a week, for 60 days in addition to their regular exercise routine. The CSA of the left and right m. multifidus was measured ultrasonographically at four levels (T15–T16, T16–T17, T18–L1 and L1–L2) along the thoracolumbar spine at Days ?30, 0, 30 and 60 of the study. Changes in the CSA and CSA symmetry (left to right) of the m. multifidus were analysed using nonparametric, repeated measures, comparison of mean ranks with post‐hoc analysis as necessary. A significant increase (P<0.05) in m. multifidus CSA was found at all spinal levels after 30 and 60 days of WBV and a statistically significant improvement in m. multifidus symmetry (becoming more symmetrical) was found after 60 days of WBV, indicating that WBV may be a valuable alternative to dynamic mobilisation exercises when an increase in size and improvement in left to right symmetry of the m. multifidus is sought.