The evolution and application of enzymes in the animal feed industry: the role of data interpretation

ABSTRACT

1. Enzymes have been used commercially for nearly 40 years and save significant costs through sparing of expensive nutrients but the mechanism by which this is achieved is still debated.

2. The research focused on non-starch polysaccharidase (NSPase) enzymes is used as an example of where greater progress could have been made if the details of the work had been described more fully and the analysis of the data generated had been broader in scope and more critical.

3. Lack of standardisation of the details presented in the materials and methods has been identified as a significant barrier to meaningful retrospective analysis and thus limits advances in the understanding of the mode of action of these enzymes.

4. The identity of the enzyme employed and its activity is often lacking, and more importantly the purity is rarely disclosed. Contaminant activities which are neither listed nor assayed could play a significant role in the responses observed.

5. The dose optimum of most enzymes is often considerably higher than that employed in most studies. Thus studies claiming synergy between two ‘activities’ should ensure that the response is not related to each enzyme simply augmenting the dose of just one activity in the finished feed. This is a common problem, and coupled with the lack of factorial experiments to justify the presence of each enzyme in a multi-enzyme product, it is not surprising that there is still debate as to whether single or multi-enzymes are best suited poultry rations.

6. The three proposed mechanisms for NSPases (viscosity, cell wall and prebiotic) are discussed, and along with their strengths and weaknesses it is suggested that a re-evaluation of each is needed. Viscosity may have to be re-evaluated as being a function not only of the cereal being fed, but of the age of the animal as well. The cell wall theory as described is poorly modelled in vitro and hence the validity of these data is questioned. The prebiotic theory may need significant modification as it appears that the quantities of oligomers produced are insufficient to generate the additional volatile fatty acids (VFA)’s reported. It is likely that all three mechanisms play a role in the responses observed, but the prebiotic mechanism probably plays by far the most important part in low viscosity diets.

7. Future research would be improved if it considered all potential mechanisms when designing a trial. Significant failings are apparent as a result of adherence to tenets in explanation of the results. Most importantly, it should be emphasised that a hypothesis is there to be tested, not defended.     

土壤微塑料影响植物生长的因素与机制研究进展

土壤中的微塑料可通过多种方式影响植物生长,并且其在植物体内积累会最终通过食物链进入人体,厘清微塑料对植物生长的影响及机制,有助于系统掌握其在土壤-植物体系中的环境行为。微塑料的赋存状态和理化特征均可影响其对植物的作用效果,本文从粒径、形状、浓度、种类、塑料添加剂和老化程度等方面,梳理了土壤微塑料影响植物生长的主要因素及作用机制,并对未来研究的重点内容提出展望,以期为进一步明晰微塑料对土壤生态系统的影响提供参考。     

铜在狐尾藻中的积累及亚细胞分布和化学形态

为探索狐尾藻对重金属铜的积累和耐性机制,本研究通过水培试验,研究不同浓度铜处理（0、20、50 mg·L^-1）对狐尾藻（Myriophyllum spicatum L.）生长生理特性以及叶片表皮细胞形态的影响,分析各器官中铜吸收转运及铜在各组织器官亚细胞中的分布和化学形态。结果表明：各浓度铜处理下狐尾藻均能存活,但铜浓度高于50 mg·L^-1时,狐尾藻根、茎、叶生物量相比对照（铜 0 mg·L^-1）处理降低53.48%、36.99%和32.22%。铜处理后,狐尾藻根、茎和叶铜含量分别为11.81~186.34、1.32~7.89、2.11~11.99 mg·kg^-1,根系中铜含量均高于叶片和茎部。铜在狐尾藻中的亚细胞分布主要位于根、茎、叶的细胞壁部分（36.49%~49.61%、45.44%~49.92%、41.45%~55.92%）,其次是可溶性组分（21.65%~25.99%、23.03%~27.65%、18.01%~34.63%）。狐尾藻中铜的赋存化学形态以盐酸提取态、醋酸提取态和乙醇提取态为主,所占比例为76.34%~86.67%,均是活性较低的形态。因此,狐尾藻是铜富集较好的植物,其根部的耐性大于茎、叶。铜以吸附态或蛋白质、果胶酸盐等低活性形态赋存于细胞壁或可溶性组分（液泡）中是狐尾藻积累和耐受铜的重要机制。     

外源阿魏酸抑制鲜切苹果褐变机制研究

苹果在鲜切过程中易因遭受机械损伤而引发褐变,严重影响其感官品质、风味和商品价值。采用不同浓度外源阿魏酸溶液对鲜切‘红富士’苹果进行浸泡处理,以研究其抑制鲜切苹果褐变的机制。结果表明：1、5、8、10 g/L 的阿魏酸浸泡处理均能有效抑制鲜切苹果褐变,10 g/L 阿魏酸浸泡处理10 min 对鲜切苹果褐变的抑制效果最优;10 g/L 阿魏酸处理显著提高了鲜切苹果超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性及1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基、2,2-联氨-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸（ABTS）阳离子自由基的清除率,抑制了贮藏后期多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性,降低了表儿茶素等单一酚的含量,提高了对香豆酸的含量;添加5 mg/mL 表儿茶素会促进苹果浆液褐变,而添加5、10、20、40 mg/mL 对香豆酸均能抑制苹果浆液褐变。综上所述,外源阿魏酸处理可通过提高SOD 活性、抗氧化能力、内源褐变抑制物含量以及降低褐变底物含量来减轻鲜切苹果褐变。     

基于YOLOv5s改进模型的小白菜虫害识别方法

小白菜是中国种植面积较广、深受大众喜爱的蔬菜,但真实菜地环境中虫害往往出现在叶片的特定区域,且受环境因素如光照和背景干扰较大,影响对其的智能检测。为提高小白菜虫害的检测效率和准确率,该研究提出一种基于YOLOv5s网络框架改进的YOLOPC小白菜虫害识别模型。首先,引入CBAM（Convolutional Block Attention Module）注意力机制,将其放在CBS（卷积层Convolution+归一化层Batch normalization+激活函数层SILU）的输入端构成CBAM-CBS的结构,动态调整特征图中各个通道和空间位置的权重;使用上采样和1×1卷积操作来调整特征图的尺寸和通道数,实现不同层次特征的融合,增强模型的特征表示能力。同时,改进损失函数,使其更适合边界框回归的准确性需求;利用空洞卷积的优势提高网络的感受野范围,使模型能够更好地理解图像的上下文信息。试验结果表明,与改进前的YOLOv5s模型相比,YOLOPC模型对小白菜小菜蛾和潜叶蝇虫害检测的平均精度（mean Average Precision, mAP）达到91.40%,提高了12.9个百分点;每秒传输帧数（Frame Per Second, FPS）为58.82帧/s,增加了11.2帧/s,增加幅度达23.53个百分点;参数量仅为14.4 MB,降低了25.78个百分点。与经典的目标检测算法SSD、Faster R-CNN、YOLOv3、YOLOv7和YOLOv8相比,YOLOPC模型的平均精度分别高出20.1、24.6、14、13.4和13.3个百分点,此外,其准确率、召回率、帧速率和参数量均展现出显著优势。该模型可为复杂背景下小白菜虫害的快速准确检测提供技术支持。     

型钢拱架日光温室结构稳定性能及参数分析

型钢拱架日光温室结构的主要受力构件长细比大,暴雪等极端灾害天气下易引发结构失稳灾变。针对此问题,该研究利用弹塑性力学理论和非线性有限单元法,建立型钢拱架日光温室结构精细化有限元模型,开展雪荷载下日光温室稳定性能分析;通过对型钢截面类型（平椭圆形截面、箱形截面和几字形截面）、温室跨度（8、10和12 m）、雪荷载分布形态（分布厚度不均匀和分布区域不对称）等参数下进行日光温室失稳全过程分析,分别确定日光温室稳定承载力,揭示雪荷载分布对日光温室稳定承载力的量化影响;结合日光温室的荷载系数-位移全过程曲线和不同加载时刻点的变形图、应力图、轴力图与弯矩图,从直观现象和内在本质两个层面深入探明日光温室的静力失稳机理。分析结果表明：在保证不发生平面外整体失稳的前提下,当型钢截面面积和翼缘宽度相同时,相较于箱形截面型钢、几字形截面型钢,采用平椭圆形截面型钢拱架的日光温室稳定承载力分别提高了19.2%和44.2%;跨度对日光温室稳定承载力的影响较大,与8 m跨度相比,10、12 m跨度的日光温室的荷载系数分别下降了27.1%和57.9%;相较于均匀分布雪荷载,在非均匀分布雪荷载下日光温室的稳定承载力最大下降63.8%;相较于不设置拉杆和撑杆的情况,单独设置拉杆的日光温室稳定承载力最大可提高9.0%,单独设置撑杆的日光温室稳定承载力最大可提高66.8%。该研究得出的结果和给出的建议可为型钢拱架日光温室结构抗雪设计、稳定性研究和防灾分析提供技术指导和理论参考。     

病原微生物荚膜多糖的生物学功能

荚膜多糖(capsular polysaccharide,CPS)是一种广泛存在于细菌、支原体、部分真菌等菌体表面的碳水化合物.同时,荚膜多糖有助于菌体抵抗干燥和低温等不利环境,并通过在菌体表面形成物理屏障阻碍宿主补体的杀伤与吞噬作用.在长期多种应激-压力环境下,病原菌已进化出多种免疫逃避机制并促进宿主感染;在非病原微...     

Cardiac L-type calcium channel and its alterations in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure

There are two type of cardiac calcium channel current, both are inward current: (1) L-type Ca²⁺channel current (I_ca-L), plays a major role in determining myocyte action potential plateau characteristics as well as initiating the myocyte excitation-contraction coupling; (2) T-type Ca²⁺ channel current (I_ca-T), probably plays an important role in pacemaker activity. The alterations of L-type calcium channel abundance and function in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure are determined by the the species difference, especially by the stage of the disease process and the degree of the disease. Both abundance and function of L-type calcium channel decrease in severe hypertrophy and heart failure.     

6-3-3并联机构逆动力学分析与仿真

建立了6自由度6-3-3并联机构逆运动学模型,基于刚体动力学牛顿-欧拉法推导出了该机构逆动力学方程组,并用矩阵QR分解方法求解了该动力学方程组,给出了逆动力学仿真程序开发思路并通过Matlab软件加以实现,通过空载和有载荷作用条件下的算例仿真和分析比较,验证了该动力学模型的正确性.     

水稻谷粒的挤压力学性能研究

水稻谷粒的损伤与破碎除与其所受内、外力的作用有关,还与其本身的力学性能有关。通过对水稻谷粒的挤压力学试验,测得了其力-位移曲线,分析了水稻谷粒的挤压破碎过程。破坏力和破坏能是水稻谷粒力学特性的两个重要指标。试验研究了稻谷的品种、成熟程度、后熟作用和谷壳对水稻谷粒力学性能的影响。比较了有壳、无壳谷粒的破坏力与破坏能,分析了谷壳对谷粒力-位移曲线及刚度的影响。指出谷壳在降低谷粒收获、加工、储运中的损伤程度具有重要作用。