Effects of Olive Leaf Powder on Mechanical Properties of Heat-Induced Surimi Gel

The effects of addition of olive leaf powder (OLP) to surimi on the mechanical properties of surimi gel were investigated. The OLP contained a high polyphenol content of 7% (w/w). The breaking stress and breaking strain of surimi gel increased with increasing OLP concentration. The addition of 0.3% OLP increased the breaking stress of surimi gel by 80% and the breaking strain by 38%. The addition of 2.0% OLP resulted in a 100% increase in the breaking strain. The OLP gels had finer and denser protein networks than the control gel, probably due to integration of additional crosslinks into the protein networks via polyphenols or their derivatives. Although the addition of OLP had a detrimental effect on whiteness of surimi gel, OLP is still a useful functional ingredient for improving mechanical properties of surimi gel products in which the color is not an important quality.     

竹展平板拉伸剪切胶合性能

竹展平板是竹筒最大化利用的一种方式,以竹展平板为单元制备竹质人造板可减少胶黏剂使用量,还有利于加工,具有良好的应用前景。然而,竹材是一种天然梯度复合材料,纤维含量在竹壁径向呈现梯度变异,不同纤维含量的胶合面对竹展平板的胶合性能有重要影响。以无刻痕竹展平板为研究对象,参照拉伸剪切强度测试方法,探讨不同纤维含量的竹展平板胶合面在湿态和干态条件下的拉伸剪切强度和破坏方式;同时,分别研究热压压力和施胶量对不同组坯方式下竹展平板胶合性能的影响。结果表明:热压胶合的竹展平板胶合性能主要由基材性能决定,纤维含量较高的竹青?竹青组坯时的拉伸剪切强度高于其他两种组坯方式。基于不同纤维含量基材的干缩湿胀不一致,纤维含量较高的竹青面与纤维含量较低的竹黄面胶合时的湿态拉伸剪切强度保留率最低。竹黄?竹黄组坯时拉伸剪切强度随热压压力的增大而逐渐增加,而竹青?竹青和竹青?竹黄组坯时则先增大后减小。此外,竹黄?竹黄组坯时的干态剪切强度随施胶量的增大而增加。     

Soil compaction and sealing in Al‐Salmi area,western Kuwait

In the deserts of Kuwait in general and in Al‐Salmi area in particular, soil compaction and sealing are the most significant mechanisms of land degradation. In the present study, soil compaction and sealing in the Al‐Salmi area are assessed. The study is based on analysis of satellite images and aerial photographs, besides field measurements and laboratory investigations. Based on this study, a recent map is prepared for the concerned area. It shows three different soil classes. These are highly compacted (8\8 per cent), slightly compacted (1\7 per cent), and almost non‐compacted or natural (89\5 per cent). Soil compaction in Al‐Salmi area causes adverse changes in soil physical properties, e.g. infiltration rate, bulk density and soil strength. The infiltration capacity of the compacted soils has decreased by 18\46 to 91\96 per cent in comparison with non‐compacted soils. The bulk density for the compacted soil varies between 1\6 and 1\7 g cm⁻³, whereas it varies between 1\2 and 1\35 g cm⁻³ in the non‐compacted soils, that is an increased of 29\97 per cent. In some sites, the physical properties show small or no difference between compacted and natural soils due to the effect of soil sealing (crustation). Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Density and sound-speed contrasts,and target strength of Japanese sandeel <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ammodytes personatus</Emphasis>

Sound-speed and density contrasts (h and g, respectively), important acoustic material properties, of Japanese sandeel Ammodytes personatus were measured to estimate theoretical target strength (TS). The measured sound-speed contrast of adult fish varied between 1.016 and 1.023 (mean 1.020), and showed temperature dependence. The measured density contrast differed significantly between juvenile and adult. The density contrast of juvenile varied between 1.017 and 1.024 (1.021), and that of adult varied between 1.026 and 1.038 (1.032). Using these results, TS at 38 and 120 kHz in the fishing season were estimated by an empirical sound scattering model. TS of an individual fish varied significantly with change of tilt angle. TS of near-dorsal aspect (TS_max) and tilt-averaged TS (TS_ave) differed by up to 7 dB. At both frequencies, two different TS_ave−length relationships (TS_ave = a log L + b) were obtained for adult and juvenile. The coefficients of log L of adult were close to 20, suggesting that backscattering strength was proportional to square of body length. These values were larger in juvenile (34.0 at 120 kHz, 56.5 at 38 kHz), suggesting that backscattering strength varied drastically with the cube or fifth power of body length.     

蛇鲻冰藏和冻藏过程中鲜度指标的变化以及高压处理对其凝胶形成能的影响

研究了蛇鲻(Saurida wanieso)冰藏和冻藏过程中K值、挥发性盐基氮(TVBN)、Mf Ca^2 -ATPase全活性等鲜度指标的变化,并研究了高压加工法制备对蛇鲻鱼糕凝胶形成能的影响。结果表明：冰藏过程中鲻鱼的鲜度急剧降低,其货架期仅为10d左右,冻藏过程中蛇鲻保藏90d,鲜度缓慢降低。随着K值和TVBN的增加,鲻鱼的凝胶形成能降低,Mf Ca^2 -ATPase全活性与凝胶形成能关系不明确。通过加热处理,冰藏和冻藏的蛇鲻能保持正常凝胶形成能的时间分别为6d和60d,而高压处理蛇鲻能保持正常凝胶形成能的时间分别为至少14d和90d,高压处理能够显著提高蛇鲻的凝胶形成能从而延长其可利用期限。     

黑龙江省主要农业气象灾害时序特征及其对大豆产量影响的灰色关联分析

为了探讨黑龙江省农业气象灾害对大豆产量的影响,基于1974—2016年黑龙江省农业气象灾害以及大豆产量的数据,采用数理统计方法,分析黑龙江省农业气象灾害和大豆产量时序变化特征。建立基于灰色关联分析法的数理模型,引入受灾范围和灾害强度构建受灾比率,以1998年为节点,将研究期划分为1982—1998年和1999—2016年2个阶段进行研究。结果表明:黑龙江省农业气象灾害对大豆生产存在负面影响;无论是受灾范围还是受灾强度,干旱都是第1阶段（1982—1998年）黑龙江省大豆生产的关键农业气象灾害;第2阶段（1999—2016年）洪涝灾害对灾害范围影响大,风雹对受灾强度影响大。第1阶段（1982—1998年）是大豆受灾严重的时期,4类灾害对大豆的总产和单产的影响都很大。在第2阶段（1999—2016年）,4类灾害对大豆单产的影响大于对总产的影响。     

MgO/MgCl2物质的量比对镁水泥基稻草板性能的影响

镁水泥基稻草板是以氯氧镁水泥为胶凝相,稻草为增强相的一种新型建筑材料．通过试验研究MgO／MgCl2物质的量比对镁水泥基稻草板静曲强度、软化系数和开始吸潮返卤时间的影响规律,并对试验结果进行分析讨论．结果表明：当n（MgO）：n（MgCl2）为7时,材料的机械性能和耐水性均为最佳,此时水化产物以518相为主．     

小麦秸秆剪切力学性能的测试

为分析小麦茎秆在剪切过程中力的变化规律,以及不同加载速率对剪切强度和剪切功的影响,选择成熟期自然状态下风干的宜宾1号、矮抗58、周麦22和豫麦7号4个品种小麦茎秆的第2～4节间为研究对象,采用美国FTC公司生产的TMS-PRO型质构仪在茎秆节间中心进行横纹剪切试验,测定不同加载速率下不同品种不同节间的最大剪切力、剪切强度以及剪切功。结果表明:小麦茎秆在剪切过程中力的变化规律是先上升再减小,然后上升直至切断最后卸载的变化过程,4个品种小麦茎秆不同节间的硬度为37.3～191.0N,剪切强度为4.2～9.8MPa,剪切功为43.53～432.23mJ;同一小麦品种不同节间的剪切强度和剪切功均为第2节间最大,第3节间次之,第4节间最小。运用SPSS软件对不同加载速率对剪切强度和剪切功进行显著性检验,分析结果表明不同加载速率对剪切强度和剪切功均无显著影响。     

沙层厚度和粒径组成对覆沙黄土坡面产流产沙的影响

片沙覆盖黄土区是水蚀风蚀交错带内土壤侵蚀最为强烈的区域,研究该区内土壤侵蚀特征可对水蚀风蚀交错带水土流失的预报及防治提供理论依据。采用室内模拟降雨,研究黄土坡面不同覆沙厚度(2 cm、5 cm和10 cm)和沙层粒径组成(100%0.25 mm、75%0.25 mm+25%0.25mm、50%0.25 mm+50%0.25 mm、未处理原沙和100%0.25 mm)对坡面产流产沙的影响。结果表明,覆沙黄土坡面较黄土坡面的初始产流时间明显延长,产流速率和产流量减小,产沙速率和产沙量增大,降雨过程中产流产沙波动性增大,且这些变化随覆沙厚度增加而明显加强;沙层粒径组成在不同覆沙厚度下对坡面产流产沙的影响不同,2 cm覆沙厚度坡面在降雨前期随粒径变粗产流产沙呈增大趋势,降雨后期无明显变化;5 cm覆沙厚度坡面随沙层粒径变粗产流速率呈增加趋势,降雨前期上覆粗粒径沙层坡面的侵蚀速率高于细粒径沙层坡面,降雨后期恰好相反;10 cm覆沙厚度的坡面产流产沙随沙层粒径组成变化不明显。典型覆沙黄土坡面的产流过程为雨水垂直入渗―沙土界面潜流―沙层边缘渗流―地表径流,产沙过程为沙层边缘渗流侵蚀―沙层坍塌重力侵蚀―地表径流输移,明显不同于无覆沙黄土坡面的超渗产流方式及溅蚀―片蚀―细沟侵蚀的侵蚀发展过程。