有限元法计算齿轮接触强度的理论研究

根据齿轮展成加工原理,导出了渐开线齿廓方程及主、从动齿轮啮合位置方程,应用有限元法,编制了考虑内、外啮合方式并计及轮体结构的有限元建模程序,通过数据格式转化,自动生成可被ＡＤＩＮＡ分析程序直接调用的接触强度计算模型数据文件。对６个算例进行了数值模拟计算,将其结果与传统计算方法和实测结果进行了比较,结果证明本文提出的计算方法更接近实际工况。     

宁南黄土丘陵区灌木林生产力的研究

上黄试区位于黄土丘陵区西部,光照充足,气候干燥,土层深厚,常年干旱少雨,水资源不足,土壤肥力差,水土流失严重.直接影响农、林、牧业的持续发展.为此,笔者在承担国家“八五”科技攻关项目的林草治理与研究工作中,针对这一问题选择了适宜该试区生长的优良灌木柠条（Caragana korshinskii）、沙棘（Hippophaer hamnoicles）、山桃（Prunus davidiana）进行了生长与产量变化的试验研究,为该试区灌木林的建设与发展提供依据.     

AHP法在防护林体系优化结构研究中的应用

运用层次分析法（ＡＨＰ）对黄土高原渭北生态经济型防护林体系结构与配置优化进行判断。结果表明,“三北”防护林以生态效益为主,兼顾社会效益和经济效益,以防护林为主,多林种多树种结合,主要林种防护林、经济林、用材林、薪炭林的比例分别为４１１％、３１．９％、１９．１％、７．９％。可为生态经济型防护林体系建设发展规划提供优化决策依据。     

聚甲醛纤维研究进展及其在渔业中的应用

聚甲醛是一种高密度、高结晶性的线性聚合物,属于工程塑料。聚甲醛纤维具有优异的机械强度、耐化学性、耐气候性、自润滑性能及抗生物附着性能。综述了聚甲醛及聚甲醛纤维的结构与性能,重点介绍了熔融纺丝法制备聚甲醛纤维,该法通过将聚甲醛熔融后从喷丝孔挤出,再经高倍热拉伸、定形制得高强度聚甲醛纤维。并对聚甲醛纤维在渔业中的应用进行了展望,分析了当前渔用合成纤维的不足及聚甲醛纤维在渔业领域中的应用前景,可用于大型远洋拖网、大型围网、高强度绳索、深远海养殖网箱等,对实现我国渔业调结构转方式有着重要作用。     

海湾扇贝骨料不同替代率对人工鱼礁物理性能影响及碳汇作用分析

本研究在抗压强度为C25的普通混凝土配合比的基础上,采用粗、细扇贝壳对混凝土中的天然骨料部分替代,并对扇贝壳混凝土配合比进行了研究,比较了粗、细扇贝壳替代天然骨料混凝土的工作性能和基本力学性能,并根据山东省2016~2020年的投礁计划,对利用扇贝壳替换人工鱼礁混凝土中天然骨料的固碳潜能及可清理的废弃扇贝壳堆积面积进行估算。结果显示,随着扇贝壳替换天然骨料比例的增加,混凝土的塌落度呈降低趋势。粗扇贝壳替换天然粗骨料混凝土较细扇贝壳替换天然细骨料混凝土的塌落度降幅大;粗扇贝壳替代混凝土中的天然石时,扇贝壳混凝土的抗压性能与基准混凝土基本接近,粗扇贝壳的最佳替代率为40%,28 d抗压强度较基准混凝土提高了7.3%。用细扇贝壳替代混凝土中的天然砂时,可使混凝土的抗压性能较基准混凝土提高幅度较大,最佳替代率为60%,28 d抗压强度较基准混凝土提高了33.5%;以细扇贝壳替换混凝土天然细骨料替换率为50%~70%估算,山东省2016~2020年计划新建的2043万空方人工鱼礁均用此种混凝土制作,可实现礁体固碳量27.54~38.56万t,可减少废弃贝壳陆地堆积面积5.89~8.24 km2,具有很高的生态潜能。     

马鞍列岛人工鱼礁区海域底质特征及其承载力

人工鱼礁是海洋牧场建设的重要组成部分,科学的选址是人工鱼礁区建设的必要环节。通过对浙江嵊泗马鞍列岛人工鱼礁区备选海域附近采集的底质柱状样品的分析,测得了每个站点底质柱样的粒度、含水率、天然密度等物理性质,以及贯入强度、抗剪强度等力学性质。用谢帕德和福克沉积物分类法分析粒度结果,发现所研究海域的底质由砂、粉砂、黏土构成,粉砂含量最高,主要以砂质粉砂为主。不同区域的底质因其粒度组分、孔隙率、天然密度等不同,其含水率不同,造成底质的承载力也不同。对底质物理性质与力学性质间的相关性分析表明,底质的含水率与贯入强度、抗剪破坏强度均存在较强的线性负相关,相关系数分别为–0.67和–0.64,可作为人工鱼礁投放底质适宜性评估的重要依据。通过建立底泥含水率与粒度间的回归方程可为大面积的底质承载力研究提供科学依据,并大幅降低调查的工程量。     

Effects of Olive Leaf Powder on Mechanical Properties of Heat-Induced Surimi Gel

The effects of addition of olive leaf powder (OLP) to surimi on the mechanical properties of surimi gel were investigated. The OLP contained a high polyphenol content of 7% (w/w). The breaking stress and breaking strain of surimi gel increased with increasing OLP concentration. The addition of 0.3% OLP increased the breaking stress of surimi gel by 80% and the breaking strain by 38%. The addition of 2.0% OLP resulted in a 100% increase in the breaking strain. The OLP gels had finer and denser protein networks than the control gel, probably due to integration of additional crosslinks into the protein networks via polyphenols or their derivatives. Although the addition of OLP had a detrimental effect on whiteness of surimi gel, OLP is still a useful functional ingredient for improving mechanical properties of surimi gel products in which the color is not an important quality.     

Soil compaction and sealing in Al‐Salmi area,western Kuwait

In the deserts of Kuwait in general and in Al‐Salmi area in particular, soil compaction and sealing are the most significant mechanisms of land degradation. In the present study, soil compaction and sealing in the Al‐Salmi area are assessed. The study is based on analysis of satellite images and aerial photographs, besides field measurements and laboratory investigations. Based on this study, a recent map is prepared for the concerned area. It shows three different soil classes. These are highly compacted (8\8 per cent), slightly compacted (1\7 per cent), and almost non‐compacted or natural (89\5 per cent). Soil compaction in Al‐Salmi area causes adverse changes in soil physical properties, e.g. infiltration rate, bulk density and soil strength. The infiltration capacity of the compacted soils has decreased by 18\46 to 91\96 per cent in comparison with non‐compacted soils. The bulk density for the compacted soil varies between 1\6 and 1\7 g cm⁻³, whereas it varies between 1\2 and 1\35 g cm⁻³ in the non‐compacted soils, that is an increased of 29\97 per cent. In some sites, the physical properties show small or no difference between compacted and natural soils due to the effect of soil sealing (crustation). Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Density and sound-speed contrasts,and target strength of Japanese sandeel <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ammodytes personatus</Emphasis>

Sound-speed and density contrasts (h and g, respectively), important acoustic material properties, of Japanese sandeel Ammodytes personatus were measured to estimate theoretical target strength (TS). The measured sound-speed contrast of adult fish varied between 1.016 and 1.023 (mean 1.020), and showed temperature dependence. The measured density contrast differed significantly between juvenile and adult. The density contrast of juvenile varied between 1.017 and 1.024 (1.021), and that of adult varied between 1.026 and 1.038 (1.032). Using these results, TS at 38 and 120 kHz in the fishing season were estimated by an empirical sound scattering model. TS of an individual fish varied significantly with change of tilt angle. TS of near-dorsal aspect (TS_max) and tilt-averaged TS (TS_ave) differed by up to 7 dB. At both frequencies, two different TS_ave−length relationships (TS_ave = a log L + b) were obtained for adult and juvenile. The coefficients of log L of adult were close to 20, suggesting that backscattering strength was proportional to square of body length. These values were larger in juvenile (34.0 at 120 kHz, 56.5 at 38 kHz), suggesting that backscattering strength varied drastically with the cube or fifth power of body length.