竹粉填充对脲醛树脂胶黏剂性能的影响

为探索竹粉替代面粉填充脲醛树脂胶黏剂的可行性,减少面粉在非食品工业的消耗,充分利用竹材加工剩余物,以竹粉作为脲醛树脂胶黏剂的填充剂,研究了竹粉的添加量、粒度对脲醛树脂胶黏剂的粘度、胶合性能和甲醛释放量的影响,以及竹粉在胶液中的分散情况,并采用傅里叶变换红外光谱对添加了竹粉的脲醛树脂胶黏剂进行了分析。结果表明：竹粉在脲醛树脂胶液中易分散,且随竹粉粒度的减小,竹粉分散越均匀;竹粉粒度、添加量对脲醛树脂胶黏剂的胶合强度有较显著的影响,但对甲醛释放量的影响不显著;当添加量为脲醛树脂胶黏剂( UF)胶液质量15％的220－240目竹粉时,竹粉填充不影响其胶合强度和甲醛释放量。     

群体调控对夏玉米抗倒伏性状指标的影响

以创玉198为试验材料,研究群体调控对夏玉米(Zea mays L.)抗倒伏性状指标的影响。结果表明,随着群体密度的增加,玉米倒伏率、株高、穗位高、穗位系数均逐渐升高;基部茎节间长增加,茎粗、茎粗系数降低;茎秆穿刺强度、单株茎秆干物重逐渐增加,茎秆抗折力先增加后降低;田间倒伏率增加,茎秆抗倒伏能力下降。得出创玉198玉米品种合理群体密度为6.00万~6.75万株/hm2,此群体结构有利于提高抗倒伏能力。     

易溶盐含量对原状非饱和伊犁黄土强度的影响

【目的】研究易溶盐含量和基质吸力对非饱和伊犁黄土强度的影响规律,为伊犁黄土地区工程建设提供参考。【方法】利用水膜转移法将配置好的盐溶液加入原状伊犁黄土土样中,制成3种不同易溶盐含量(5,14,26g/kg)土样,采用非饱和土三轴仪进行3种不同易溶盐含量下控制净围压(100,200,300kPa)和基质吸力(50,100,150kPa)的三轴固结排水剪切试验,测定并分析土样强度的变化规律。【结果】非饱和伊犁黄土的偏应力-轴向应变关系曲线均为硬化型;在相同净围压和基质吸力作用下,易溶盐含量14g/kg非饱和伊犁黄土的强度最高。非饱和伊犁黄土的有效黏聚力随基质吸力的增大而增大,随易溶盐含量的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,易溶盐含量5,14,26g/kg的非饱和伊犁黄土在50,100,150kPa 3种基质吸力下的有效黏聚力分别为21.30,31.50,40.50kPa,33.10,44.80,58.10kPa和19.70,28.30,36.70kPa。有效内摩擦角随基质吸力的增大基本不变;随易溶盐含量的增加呈先减小后增大的趋势,分别为23.33°,22.35°,23.76°。随着易溶盐含量的增加吸力摩擦角分别为10.76°,14.04°,9.65°,呈先增大后减小的趋势,且增减速率相同。【结论】基于Barcelona模型建立的非饱和伊犁黄土弹塑性模型的剪切屈服面方程,具有可以考虑易溶盐含量和基质吸力两个因素耦合变化的优点,适用于易溶盐含量较高的伊犁黄土。     

玉米秸秆液化树脂化研究

[目的]研究玉米秸秆液化及树脂化的工艺条件,进而提高玉米秸秆资源的利用价值及开辟玉米秸秆利用的新途径.[方法]以苯酚为液化剂、磷酸为催化剂对玉米秸秆进行液化,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定玉米秸秆液化的最优工艺;然后对液化产物进行树脂化,利用单因素试验确定树脂化工艺.[结果]玉米秸秆液化的最优工艺条件：液化温度150℃、液化时间165 min、固液比3∶13、磷酸用量10％,该液化工艺条件下,玉米秸秆液化残渣率为l2.1％;树脂化工艺条件：甲醛与液化产物摩尔比1.8、NaOH与液化产物摩尔比0.35、树脂化合成温度85℃、保温时间40 min、水与液化产物摩尔比8.0,该工艺条件下可生产获得综合性能较好的玉米秸秆液化物树脂,用其压制的胶合板干状强度1.788 MPa、湿状强度0.812 MPa,胶合强度符合国家标准（GB/T 17657-1999）对Ⅰ类胶合板的要求（≥0.700MPa）.[结论]以玉米秸秆液化产物制备的酚醛树脂胶黏剂可用于木材加工.     

加热法对石膏刨花板性能影响的研究

研究了加热温度和加压时间对石膏刨花板性能的影响。试验结果表明石膏固化时加适量的热量有助于提高石膏刨花板的性能;加热温度较高时石膏刨花板的性能比常温条件下压制的板的性能低。石膏固化时是吸热反应,石膏刨花板加压固化时,外加一定的热量有助于提高石膏的固化强度,因此板具有较好的物理力学性能。     

制备工艺参数对菌丝体生物质材料性能的影响

为获得菌丝体生物质材料优化性能的最佳工艺参数,该研究以最小缓冲系数和弯曲强度为评定指标,通过3因素3水平正交试验研究了菌种接种量、基质颗粒度和水添加量对平菇菌丝体材料性能的影响。研究结果表明,正交试验9组菌丝体材料中菌丝平均直径最大为1 641 nm,最小为520 nm,前者后者的3.16倍,表明不同工艺参数显著（P<0.05）影响菌丝生长状态。影响菌丝体材料力学性能的最大因素是基质颗粒度,其次是水添加量和接种量。最佳工艺参数为接种量10%、基质颗粒度10 mm和水添加量60%,对应菌丝体材料的最小缓冲系数最低为4.17、弯曲强度最大为417.43 kPa,与发泡聚苯乙烯泡沫的弯曲强度相近。研究结果可为菌丝体材料制备工艺参数与性能的优化提供基础。     

风成沉积物环境敏感粒度指标的提取及意义

采用SPSS11.5软件中的主成分分析方法,对黄土高原西部末次冰期沉积的宁夏中卫冰沟剖面和兰州沙金坪剖面的粒度进行了环境敏感粒度指标的提取,沙金坪剖面和冰沟剖面的环境敏感粒级分别为24.70-27.90μm、62.47-68.97μm,冰沟剖面的阈值基本是砂粒级标准(>63μm),冰沟剖面由于距沙漠源区更近,受物源影响更大而使敏感组分更粗,不同地区的环境敏感粒度指标存在差异。另外,不同数学方法提取的指标也存在差异,数学方法的运用必须考虑其数值所表示的物理机制和环境意义。     

Soil organic matter fractionation as a tool for predicting nitrogen mineralization in silty arable soils

After decades of searching for a practical method to estimate the N mineralization capacity of soil, there is still no consistent methodology. Indeed it is important to have practical methods to estimate soil nitrogen release for plant uptake and that should be appropriate, less time consuming, and cost effective for farmers. We fractionated soil organic matter (SOM) to assess different fractions of SOM as predictors for net N mineralization measured from repacked (disturbed) and intact (undisturbed) soil cores in 14 weeks of laboratory incubations. A soil set consisting of surface soil from 18 cereal and root‐cropped arable fields was physically fractionated into coarse and fine free particulate OM (coarse fPOM and fine fPOM), intra‐microaggregate particulate OM (iPOM) and silt and clay sized OM. The silt and clay sized OM was further chemically fractionated by oxidation with 6% NaOCl to isolate an oxidation‐resistant OM fraction, followed by extraction of mineral bound OM with 10% HF (HF‐res OM). Stepwise multiple linear regression yielded a significant relationship between the annual N mineralization (kg N/ha) from undisturbed soil and coarse fPOM N (kg N/ha), silt and clay N (kg N/ha) and its C:N ratio (R² = 0.80; P < 0.01). The relative annual N mineralization (% of soil N) from disturbed soils was related to coarse fPOM N, HF‐res OC (% of soil organic carbon) and its C:N ratio (R² = 0.83; P < 0.01). Physical fractions of SOM were thus found to be the most useful predictors for estimating the annual N mineralization rate of undisturbed soils. However, the bioavailability of physical fractions was changed due to the disturbance of soil. For disturbed soils, a presumed stable chemical SOM fraction was found to be a relevant predictor indicating that this fraction still contains bio‐available N. The latter prompted a revision in our reasoning behind selective oxidation and extraction as tools for characterizing soil organic N quality with respect to N availability. Nonetheless, the present study also underscores the potential of a combined physical and chemical fractionation procedure for isolating and quantifying N fractions which preferentially contribute to bulk soil N mineralization. The N content or C:N ratio of such fractions may be used to predict N mineralization in arable soils.     

Physicochemical properties of the thermal gel of water-washed meat in the presence of the more soluble fraction of porcine sarcoplasmic protein

We investigated the physicochemical properties of the thermal gel of water‐washed pork meat (WWM) in the presence of the soluble fraction of porcine sarcoplasmic protein (SP) obtained with ammonium sulfate at 75 percent saturation. Two precipitated fractions of SP were obtained at 0–50 percent and 50–75 percent saturation, named SP‐f1 and SP‐f2, respectively, and the soluble fraction obtained at 75 percent saturation, SP‐f3, was used. Sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that SP‐f3 contained mainly glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), while SP‐f1 and SP‐f2 had other SPs such as phosphorylase b, enolase, actin and phosphoglycerate mutase. The gel strength of WWM was greater when SP‐f3 rather than one of various animal proteins such as bovine plasma (BP), egg white, or whey protein isolates (WPI), was added and SP‐f3 had a gel‐enhancing effect as good as that of polyphosphate (PP). The gel strength of WWM with added SP‐f3 increased significantly with NaCl at 0.15 mol/L or more, but not in the absence of NaCl (0 mol/L). The effect of SP‐f3 was evident at neutral pH and maximum gel strength was obtained at a pH above 6.0. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis showed that an endothermic peak corresponding to myosin heads in WWM shifted to a lower temperature with the addition of SP‐f3, as in the case of PP, though there was no such shift in the presence of other animal proteins (BP, egg white and WPI), suggesting that SP‐f3 increases the gel strength of WWM through the dissociation of actomyosin similar to PP. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed wall‐like structures among the protein strands in the WWM gel matrix in the presence of SP‐f3. The results of DSC and SEM indicated that the formation of a gel network in meat products is reinforced with GAPDH in SP after the interaction between GAPDH and myofibrillar protein.     

浅谈孔隙率对沥青路面的影响

沥青混合料的孔隙率是一个重要的设计参数，其对于沥青路面的强度和使用性能有着重要的影响。在施工时，由于施工条件和设备的影响，不可能达到设计的孔隙率，于是一般要求用压实度作为施工时的一个控制指标，将沥青路面施工后的孔隙率控制在一个可接受的范围。在路面使用的初期，必然会有一段时间处于未完全压实工作状态，这种工作状态下，沥青路面能够提供的是未完全稳定的早期强度。在设计时，需要对比多个级配的混合料，确定合理的早期强度。