小鹅瘟的诊断及其病理组织学观察

对3例疑似小鹅瘟感染病禽进行临床观察和病理解剖,结果均发现小肠中后段膨大,小肠末端形成特征性的"肠栓"。针对鹅细小病毒VP3基因设计1对引物,对3例病死鹅的肝脏组织进行PCR检测,结果均扩增出与预想结果一致的331 bp鹅细小病毒特异片段;取病死禽的十二指肠、回肠、心、肝、脾、肾等组织制作石蜡切片,HE染色,进行病理组织学观察,结果显示其十二指肠肠绒毛脱落,回肠粘膜大片坏死脱落并与纤维素性渗出物混杂形成栓子,其他部位病变不明显。皖西白鹅还表现肝组织淤血、肝细胞脂肪变性,肾脏肾上皮细胞变性、坏死,淋巴细胞浸润。     

刺槐—花生矮化病毒的初侵染源

 1988~1991年调查河北、河南、山东和北京地区刺槐花叶病树率为4~87.5%,一般30%左右。蚜传试验说明:豆蚜(Aphis craccivora)能将花生矮化病毒(PSV)从刺槐传播到花生。在田间经常观察到PSV由刺槐花叶病树林向花生传播,形成病害发生梯度。1990~1991两年河南开封田间系统观察,5月中旬至6月上、中旬,蚜虫在刺槐上形成繁殖高峰并产生有翅蚜虫向花生地迁飞,随后花生地内出现PSV病株。1990和1991两年河北滦县、迁安病区调查,未发现PSV种传苗,开封PSV感染病株种子,PSV种传率0.025%。PSV引起花生病害一般年份发病很轻。与种传相比,刺槐作为病害初侵染源,对PSV在花生上流行起更为重要的作用。     

鸭瘟病毒弱毒株在免疫雏鸭体内的分布和排毒规律

鸭瘟病毒(DPV)弱毒Cha株经皮下、口服和滴鼻3种途径免疫1日龄雏鸭，应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测了病毒在体内分布和排毒规律。Cha株免疫雏鸭后，对血液、心、肝、脾、肺、肾、十二指肠、直肠、法氏囊、胸腺、胰腺、延脑、大脑、小脑、舌、肌肉、骨髓、粪便和食道共19种组织PCR检测结果如下：(1)皮下接种雏鸭后4h，即可在心、肝、脾、肾、法氏囊、胸腺、胰腺、延脑、大脑和小脑共10种组织中检出DPV的DNA；8h后，所有采取的组织器官均可检测到DPV的DNA。(2)口服接种雏鸭后4h，可在舌和食道中检测到DPV的DNA；8h后，可在心、肝、脾、肾、胸腺、胰腺、延脑、大脑、小脑、舌、食道和血液共12种组织器官中检出DPV的DNA。(3)滴鼻接种雏鸭后4h，未能在各种组织中检出DPV的DNA；8h后，可在心、肝、脾、肾、胸腺、延脑、大脑、小脑、舌、食道和血液共11种组织中检测到DPV的DNA。(4)在3种免疫途径中，检出时间最早和检出率最高的组织器官为肝脏、脑(大脑、小脑和延脑)；3种途径免疫的鸭，从免疫后12h至21d均能从所有采集的组织中检测出DPV DNA。     

应用ELISA检测鸭瘟抗体

应用ＥＬＩＳＡ间接法检测鸭瘟抗体,具有简单、快捷、特异的优点。小鸭免疫鸭瘟弱毒疫苗２周后抗体水平明显上升,４周达最高峰。用１０００个致死量鸭瘟强毒攻击,结果,抗体效价与免疫保护无明显的相关性。     

吉林省四平郊区蝗虫群落组成及其时间动态研究

报道了吉林省四平郊区直翅目(OnhopteIa)蝗总科(Acridoidea)中蝗虫群落的组成和时间动态变化。结果显示：四平郊区蝗总科昆虫共有6科、22属、27种;时间动态变化表明：蝗虫6月末始见,8月中旬蝗虫的发生达到高峰,为6科、19属、22种,10月中旬之后成虫全部消亡。根据蝗虫发生数量确定绿牧草蝗[O．viri-dulus(Linnaeus)]、中华蚱蜢(A．cinerea Thnunberg)、黄胫小车蝗(0．infernalis Sauss)、条纹异爪蝗(Eu．vittatus Zheng)、素色异爪蝗[Eu．unicolor(Ikonn.)]、异翅负蝗(A．heteroptera B．-Bienko)和长翅素木蝗[S．shirakii(I．Bol．)]为本地区优势蝗种;分析了优势蝗种发生的时间动态。     

Semiochemical modulation of oviposition behaviour in the gregarious desert locust Schistocerca gregaria

Bioassays have shown that sand freshly contaminated by ovipositing females of the gregarious desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) is more effective in inducing further oviposition from conspecifics than contaminated sand stored for three or six months, which contrasts with results obtained previously with Locusta migratoria (Reiche & Farmaire). The activity of contaminated sand correlated with the levels of three unsaturated aliphatic ketones, (Z)-6-octen-2-one, (E,E)-3,5-octadien-2-one and its geometric isomer (E,Z)-3,5-octadien-2-one present in the volatile emissions from the sand.     

关中地区历史时期蝗灾统计及其影响浅析

历史时期关中地区蝗灾的发生频率具有明显的波动性,且随着历史的发展,有在波动中上升的趋势。唐朝中期以前,关中地区蝗灾的发生频率较低,波动幅度也较小,之后,关中地区蝗灾发生频率的波动幅度明显增大,蝗灾的发生次数明显增多。唐朝后期(801-850A.D.)、明末清初(1601-1650 A.D.)和清末至民国(1851-1950 A.D.)是关中地区历史上蝗灾记载最多的时期。与水灾的发生频率相比较,关中地区的蝗灾与旱灾的发生频率表现出更强的一致性,尤其是900AD(唐末)后,每一个蝗灾频率高峰几乎都与旱灾频率高峰完全同步,说明在关中地区蝗灾的发生与旱灾具更强的相关性。     

A tentative new species Aphanomyces fennicus sp. nov. interferes with molecular diagnostic methods for crayfish plague

Several isolates of an unknown oomycete resembling the genus Aphanomyces were obtained into laboratory culture from samples of noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) in 2016–2017. The crayfish were kept in cages in connection with a study on an eventually persistent crayfish plague infection in a small Finnish lake, following an acute episode of the disease in 2010. Despite the close resemblance of the isolates to the causative agent of crayfish plague, Aphanomyces astaci, and the positive results obtained in OIE recommended A. astaci‐specific ITS‐based conventional PCR and qPCR molecular assays, the isolates can be distinguished from A. astaci by morphological features concerning hyphal structure and chlamydospore formation, as well as using the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA‐polymerase chain reaction (RAPD‐PCR) method, microsatellite‐based genotyping, the pathogenicity test and phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequencing. The name Aphanomyces fennicus sp. novum is proposed for this close relative of A. astaci. The detection of this tentative novel species giving false‐positive results in existing diagnostic assays for the crayfish plague highlights the importance of careful interpretation of the results from molecular methods, especially concerning crayfish with low‐level infections, excluding the possibility to verify the results from clinical or sequencing data.     

内蒙古草原牧鸡治蝗效果

我国在牧鸡治蝗的技术规范和治蝗效果上取得了很大的进步,但关于牧鸡轮牧周期对牧鸡治蝗效果方面的研究较少。本研究通过调查牧鸡治蝗期间鸡群的采食量和补饲用量、地面可食蝗虫质量,采取控制牧鸡半径的手段,利用倒推法对理论轮牧周期和治蝗面积进行了研究。结果表明,在固定半径为150 m的轮牧面积内,随着虫口密度的降低,单位鸡群的轮牧周期呈现升高趋势,虫口密度在30头/m²时的轮牧周期高达7.8 d,以90 d为一个防治周期计算,其防治周期的轮牧次数为11次,单位鸡群（每1000只定义为1个单位鸡群）的理论控制面积为77.77 hm²,折合每只牧鸡一个防治周期的理论控制面积为0.08 hm²,并且随着虫口密度的降低,理论控制面积呈现升高趋势。本研究为内蒙古草原牧鸡治蝗工作的开展提供了重要的理论支撑。     

Low genetic variability of the white‐clawed crayfish in the Iberian Peninsula: its origin and management implications

• 1. A study on the genetic variability of the white‐clawed crayfish was carried out based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene sequences. The sequences applied were more informative regarding white‐clawed crayfish genetic variability than others previously used.
• 2. Two haplotypes were found to exist in the Iberian Peninsula. The haplotypes exhibit a strong geographic subdivision (Φ_ST=0.83). One of the Iberian haplotype s was similar to north Italian haplotypes and the second differed in only one mutation. This pattern of genetic variability contrasts with those found in glacial refugial areas of France, Italy and the Balkan Peninsula.
• 3. Two hypotheses on the origin of the white‐clawed crayfish in the Iberian Peninsula are discussed: (i) one based on an anthropogenic origin, and (ii) a second based on a successive number of postglacial ancient and recent bottlenecks, i.e. the disjunction between Iberian and Italian populations of white‐clawed crayfish species is due to competition between A. italicus and A. pallipes, in addition to the impact of crayfish plague and human translocations.
• 4. New references for the white‐clawed crayfish in the Iberian Peninsula were found in medieval and Arabic texts. The results show that this species has been thriving in this peninsula since ancient periods and that its indigenous status should not be questioned.
• 5. Conservation action and plans should consider the low genetic diversity as a limitation for farm‐raising specimens more adapted and resistant to changing environments and diseases.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.