中国古代木槿栽培应用发展史初探

木槿是中国传统的乡土花木,是栽培历史最悠久的花木之一。本文根据历史文献和诗歌等梳理分析了历史各个时期的木槿主要栽培应用史实和重要成果,分析了不同历史时期木槿的栽培应用、食用、药用与品种等发展演化情况,发现了诸多的习俗和应用被保留和传承,以期为木槿资源、文化及其产业的传承与发展提供思路。     

铅锌尾矿中砷代谢功能基因的多样性

Microbial activities impact arsenic (As) transformation in mine tailings substantially,yet little is understood on the functional diversity of As metabolism genes.This study explored this issue using a metagenomic approach coupled by a local BLASTN procedure established in our recent studies.An assembled metagenome,recovered from hypersaline and sulfidic mine tailings,was screened for As metabolism genes aioA,arrA,arsC and arsM.This was done using a local BLASTN procedure against databases of the As metabolism genes built in this study.Putative As metabolism genes detected in the assembled metagenome included 11 arsM,20 arsC and 1 arrA full-length sequences.Together with the rRNA-based phylogenetic profiling results,a picture depicting microbial As cycling in the tailings to the genus level was obtained.It was found that most of the dominant genera in the tailings potentially harboured the genes for As reduction and/or methylation.In particular,a typical pyrite-eater present in the tailings,Thioalkalivibrio sp.,was found to harbour not only arsC and arsM,but also arrA.These results highlight the unexpected diversity of As metabolism genes in the tailings,especially considering the extremely low species diversity therein.The microbial As cycling picture established here has potential use for guiding the purposeful manipulation of As biogeochemistry in the tailings.     

Effect of rice variety on methane emission from an Indonesian paddy field

Variations in CH₄ emission from a Sumatra paddy field in which 8 popular modern varieties in Indonesia were grown were compared in the 1994/1995 rainy season. Total amounts of CH₄ emitted during the period of rice growth were in the ranges of 32.6-41.7 and 51.3–64.6 g CH₄ m^-2 for the plots amended with chemical fertilizer only and those amended with both rice straw and chemical fertilizer, respectively. The mean CH₄ emission rate was highest in the plot with the variety Bengawan solo and lowest in the plots with the varieties Atomita-4 and Way seputih among the plots which received chemical fertilizer, while highest in the plot with Way seputih and lowest in the plot with Bengawan solo among the plots amended with both rice straw and chemical fertilizer. The increase in the mean CH₄ emission rates by rice straw application was higher for the plots planted with Way seputih (1.98 times) and Atomita-4 (1.77 times) than for the plots with Bengawan solo (1.23 times) and IR-64 (1.35 times). The plots with Walanai and Cisanggarung recorded intermediate mean emission rates and the increase in CH₄ emission by rice straw application was also intermediate (1.57–1.64 times). It was noteworthy that Way seputih and Atomita-4 were derived from the variety Cisadane, Bengawan solo and IR-64 from the variety IR-54, and Walanai and Cisanggarung from the varieties IR-36 and Pelita 1-1, respectively.

The amounts of CH. emitted for 1 kg grain production ranged from 53 (Atomita-4) to 74 (Kapuas and Walanai) and from 89-93 (IR-64, Bengawan solo, and Atomita-4) to 121 (Kapuas) g CH₄ kg^-1 of grain for the plots amended with chemical fertilizer and those amended with rice straw and chemical fertilizer, respectively.     

佳木斯地区大豆新品种适宜播期和适宜种植密度试验

通过2003—2004年不同播期和种植密度试验，确定黑龙江省主栽大豆新品种的适宜播期为4月下旬；由于种植密度不同，直接影响光照在植株群体中的分布，导致植株群体间小气侯环境的差异，最终影响产量。试验确定合丰45号、47号大豆品种适宜种植密度在25万株/hm^2左右，合辐93154—2大豆品种适宜种植密度在25~35万株／hm^2时产量最高。     

甘蓝型油菜杂交种混播制种效应

利用甘蓝型油菜隐性无蜡粉遗传标记杂交组合对混播制种效应进行了研究。2002、2003、2004和2007共4个年度的研究结果表明,混播制种比行播制种产量年度平均高18．7％,杂种率高5．1％,纯杂种产量高20．1％。混播制种的增效主要得益于父本植株在田间均衡的分布和良好的个体发育。混播制种法在油菜遗传标记杂种、抗除草剂杂种、掺合杂种等方向上具有潜在应用价值。     

低磷胁迫对不同基因型小麦品种苗期性状的影响

为研究低磷胁迫对小麦苗期性状的影响,在对照(200 μmol/L KH2PO4)和低磷(5 μmol/L KH2PO4)条件下比较了6个不同基因型小麦品种苗期性状指标。结果表明,小麦根系和地上部对低磷胁迫的反应不同,低磷诱导小麦根系伸长,根系生物量（根鲜重和根干重）增加,供试的6个小麦品种在低磷条件下的根系鲜重和干重与对照相比差异均达到显著或极显著水平。低磷处理对地上部则表现出抑制作用,但对不同品种的影响程度差异较大。总体来看,低磷胁迫处理对小麦根系性状的影响大于地上部性状,不同苗期性状受低磷胁迫影响的程度分别为：根系鲜重>最长根长>根系干重>地上部鲜重>地上部干重>苗长。6个供试小麦品种中,‘中国春’对低磷胁迫最为敏感,而‘京411’的耐低磷性相对较强。     

Assessment of EST- and genomic microsatellite markers for variety discrimination and genetic diversity studies in wheat

It is likely that in the near future sequence information from sequencing programmes and EST libraries will generate an abundance of genic microsatellite markers. This study is focused on the assessment of their likely impact and performance vis-à-vis their genomic counterparts. Microsatellites from two sources were used to assess the genetic diversity in 56 old and new varieties of bread wheat on the UK Recommended List. A set of 12 microsatellite markers generated from genomic libraries and 20 expressed sequence tag (EST)-derived microsatellites were used in the study, and the performance of both marker sets assessed. The EST-derived or genic microsatellites delivered fingerprints of superior quality, amplifying clear products with few stutter bands. Diversity levels as revealed bygenic microsatellites are similar to the few published results. The PIC values for the genic markers were generally lower than those calculated for the genomic microsatellites, though advantages of both marker classes for variety identification applications are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

乳汁草引种试验研究

乳汁草是一种新的适于我国南方生长的水土保持草种。在江西红壤丘陵区的引种试验表明 ,乳汁草年产鲜草5 9 6t/hm2 ,干物质粗蛋白含量 13 6%～ 16.2 %,干物质粗纤维含量 2 1 6%～ 2 5 .6%,草质优 ,产量高 ,保持水土能力强。     

渭源地区多种材料的产沼气比较试验

本试验以甘肃省渭源地区主要植物类原料为基础,选择秸秆,杂草等２４种材料分别进行发酵产沼气试验,其中包括一些常见的有毒植物或抑菌植物。通过测定产气量探讨了各材料发酵气效果,试验结果表明所选用的材料都是发酵产气的正常材料。     

全有机营养液基质袋栽优质西瓜品种的筛选

【目的】研究全有机营养液基质袋栽条件下不同品种西瓜产量与品质的差异,筛选适宜全有机营养基质袋式栽培模式的西瓜品种。【方法】以14个西瓜品种(红小玉、苏梦907-099、苏梦RS66-57、小兰、苏梦907-126、苏梦907-032、早佳84-24、苏创5号、苏创4号、苏创907-145、苏创907-124、苏创907-144、苏创907-147、苏梦6号)为研究对象,其中苏梦6号同时用基质袋栽和土壤栽培方式,其他品种用基质袋栽方式,比较不同品种西瓜产量、果形指数、果皮厚度、单果质量等商品性状,中心可溶性固形物、边际可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖、还原糖、维生素C、可溶性蛋白含量等营养风味品质,以及挥发性物质含量、特征香气成分等芳香特性,通过顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术提取和分析不同品种西瓜挥发性物质成分,依据相对气味活度值筛选各品种西瓜关键香气成分,采用系统聚类法对西瓜品种进行分类,基于AHP-熵权法结合博弈论原理对不同西瓜品种品质进行综合评价。【结果】在全有机营养液基质袋式栽培条件下,苏创907-147产量最高,达54 125 kg/hm²;苏梦6号果皮最薄,仅4.18 mm;苏梦6号中心可溶性固形物、边际可溶性固形物及维生素C含量最高,分别为13.53%,11.37%,30.06 μg/g;从不同西瓜品种中共检测出114种挥发性物质,苏创907-145和苏创907-147中相对含量最高的分别是反,顺-2,6-壬二烯醛和十一醇,其余品种中均以顺-3-壬烯-1-醇相对含量最高;检测到的挥发性化合物包括醇类、醛类、烯类、酮类、烷类、呋喃类、酯类、其他类8大类,苏创907-145中醛类化合物相对含量最高,其余品种均以醇类化合物相对含量最高;苏梦RS66-57、小兰和苏创907-145挥发性物质成分较为特殊;苏创907-145中反,顺-2,6-壬二烯醛（黄瓜味）对总体风味贡献最高,早佳84-24、苏创907-144、苏创907-147、苏梦6号（土壤栽培）中顺,顺-3,6-壬二烯醛（瓜味、清香、稍有奶香）对总体风味的贡献最高,其余品种中贡献最高的为顺-3-壬烯-1-醇（清香、动物脂味）;苏创907-124香气最浓郁,芳香化合物总含量和关键香气成分总含量分别达到744.03和498.26 mg/kg,且香味独特。利用组合赋权法对不同品种进行综合打分,得分最高的为苏梦6号（基质袋栽方式）。【结论】供试14个西瓜品种中,苏梦6号最适宜进行全有机营养液基质袋式栽培。