Neurotoxicity of intraneural injection of bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension versus bupivacaine hydrochloride in a porcine model

Objective

To test whether neurotoxic effects of a bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension differ from those of a standard formulation of bupivacaine hydrochloride (HCl) after intraneural injection into the sciatic nerves in pigs.

Diffusion of radiodense contrast medium after a mid‐pastern ring block

Diffusion of local anaesthetic solution after a mid‐pastern ring block has not previously been investigated. The aim of this study was to demonstrate potential distribution of local anaesthetic solution following injection of radiodense contrast medium as performed for a mid‐pastern ring block. Twelve mature horses were used and 1.5 ml radiodense contrast medium injected over the medial or lateral palmar digital nerve at the level of the proximal aspect of the ungular cartilages. A dorsal ring block was performed on the ipsilateral side, 1.5 cm proximal to the palpable palmar aspect of the proximal eminence of the middle phalanx, using 2 or 5 ml contrast medium. Both forelimbs were injected on 2 days (48 injections). Four standard radiographic views of the pastern were obtained immediately, 10 and 20 min after injections. Images were analysed subjectively and objectively. After dorsal injections, the contrast medium was distributed in a diffuse patch over the ipsilateral half of the proximal phalanx (P1), extending proximally over the half of the length of P1 in all limbs (greatest proximal extension: 89.0% of the length of P1 [from distal] after 2 ml, 94.2% after 5 ml). There was significant proximal diffusion in the first 10 min after injection and significant dorsal diffusion between all time points (P<0.01). There was significant positive association between injected volume and the proximal extension of the dorsal contrast patch (P = 0.01). The median dorsal diffusion was to the dorsal midline of P1; 5 ml contrast medium resulted in significantly greater dorsal diffusion than 2 ml (P<0.01). The dorsal and palmar contrast patches did not merge. In conclusion, diffusion to the proximal aspect of P1 following a mid‐pastern ring block may occur even if only 2 ml of local anaesthetic solution is used.     

Evaluation of poor performance in competition horses: A musculoskeletal perspective. Part 2: Further investigation

There is not a right and a wrong way of investigating musculoskeletal causes of poor performance in sports horses and the methods of investigation are, in part, determined by the clinical signs. Measurement of serum muscle enzyme concentrations before and after exercise is essential for recognition of primary muscle pathology. Many horses with multilimb lameness have a secondary reduced range of motion of the thoracolumbosacral region mimicking primary thoracolumbar pain. Radiographic examination of the thoracolumbar vertebrae may be confusing unless combined with diagnostic analgesia because many clinically normal horses have radiological abnormalities. Nuclear scintigraphy offers a method of evaluating a large proportion of the horse, but there are many false positive and false negative results. Diagnostic analgesia is the most reliable method of investigation but requires experience and skill in interpretation and is time consuming in a horse with multilimb lameness.     

Quality and fatty acid profile of the milk of indigenous goats subjected to different local diets in Tunisian arid lands

The study tested the hypothesis that certain pastoral forages and olive by‐products, available in arid areas, may positively influence fatty acid composition and physicochemical properties of goat's milk. Thirty indigenous goats (body weight = 25.2 kg; age = 4.1 years) were allocated to three groups. During 60 days, the goats received ad libitum either dried olive leaves + Stipa tenacissima (group OL), khortane grass hay (group Ko) or oat hay (control diet, group OH). Milk samples were collected and analysed for total solids, fat, protein, lactose and ash content and fatty acid profile. Average milk yield did not statistically differ among groups. Milk total solids from OL group were higher in comparison with Ko and C groups (15.3, 14.7 and 14.5%, respectively; p < 0.05). Fat content was also higher for the OL group as compared to the other groups (5.44 vs. 5.01 and 4.66%, respectively, for Ko and OH). No significant differences were observed for the milk content of lactose, protein and ash. The percentage of saturated fatty acids of total milk fat was higher in OL and Ko groups compared to the C group (p < 0.001); the milk whereof was characterized by the highest percentage of monounsaturated (p < 0.01) and total unsaturated fatty acids. Milk fat of Ko and C groups showed significantly higher proportions of rumenic (CLA cis‐9 trans‐11) and vaccenic acids (C18:1 trans‐11) compared to OL milk. The feeding system based on Stipa tenacissima and dried olive leaves resulted in the milk lowest proportion of trans‐fatty acids and the highest proportion of polyunsaturated ω3‐fatty acids (p < 0.05).     

乡(镇)成人文化技术学校发展走向与对策建议

乡(镇)成人文化技术学校是面向"三农"服务"三农"开展文化和技术教育的综合性、多功能的教育基地,是传播科技文化与知识技能的重要载体。其职能是不可替代的,其发挥的作用是无可替代的,其取得的成绩是世人瞩目的。但随着我国城乡经济社会一体化发展、农业产业结构调整、农村经济供给侧改革,学校的生存和发展遇到了诸多困难。通过调研,分析学校发展中面临困境产生的原因,提出了乡(镇)成人文化技术学校发展走向与对策建议,旨在为学校发展提供可借鉴的思路,为教育行政部门宏观决策提供参考。     

The analysis of Hengkelong Supermarket Management Behavior

With the development of local retail industry, Hengkelong Supermarket win fat profit. Yet how can it maintain its business advantage in the fierce competition with foreign business giants？ This paper analyzes the management behavior of Hengkelong Supermarket, intending to give relevant policy recommendations.     

发掘区域名人资料，加强地方文献建设——以张云逸专题数据库建设为例

叙述了海南地方历史名人张云逸专题数据库的研究方法,尤其是如何收集口述史料和利用家谱这些私密性的资料,并对北大方正德赛(DESi)软件在建库中的运用和自定义分类进行了详细介绍。高校图书馆应深入发掘地方历史名人资料,加强地方文献的数字化建设。     

武术拳种与门派鼻祖附会的文化心理学成因

文化心理学认为人类的行为文化与心理间有相互生成的关系，心理活动是文化现象，但心理又可以影响文化的产生。文化心理学为中国武术文化研究提供了一个新的视角。通过文献资料法和逻辑分析法研究表明，中国武术中拳种和门派鼻祖的附会现象是多重文化心理共同作用的结果。这其中有中国宗法制度下产生的对祖先崇拜的文化心理遗存，有中国文化传统中“厚古薄今”文化心理现象的呈现，有世俗条件下爱好脸面文化心理特征的促使，有特定环境下神秘主义文化心理倾向的作用。     

Evaluation of techniques for lignocaine hydrochloride analgesia of the velvet antler of adult stags

Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of various routes of administration and doses of local anaesthetic (LA) to provide analgesia of the velvet antler of adult stags.

Methods: In Experiment 1, antlers from 50 red deer stags, ≥2-years-old were allocated to 1 of 4 treatment groups (n = 25 antlers/group) to receive injections with 2% lignocaine hydrochloride as follows: High-dose (1 ml/cm pedicle circumference) or Low-dose ring-block (0.4 ml/cm pedicle circumference) or; High-site or Low-site regional nerve block (5 ml per site, both of which included the auriculopalpebral nerve). An electrical stimulus was applied before application of LA and then each min for up to 4 min after LA injection. If no response was observed, analgesia was tested with a saw cut. If no response occurred, the antler was cut at that time. If the animal responded, a further wait time was applied until 4 min had elapsed, at which time observations ceased. In Experiment 2, 10 primary and 50 re-growth antlers were given a High-dose ring-block and tested with a saw cut after 1 min (n = 30) or 2 min (n = 30). If no response occurred, the antler was removed. If a response occurred, further 1-min wait periods were applied.

Results: In the High-dose ring-block and High-site nerve-block groups, 24/25 and 21/25 antlers were removed without response by 2 min, compared with 20/25 and 15/25 antlers in the Low-dose ring-block and Low-site nerve-block groups, respectively. The High-dose ring-block provided more effective analgesia after 3 min than the Low-dose ringblock, as assessed by the number of stags that did not respond to the electrical stimulus (p = 0.008), or subsequent antler removal (p = 0.050). The numbers of antlers removed without response after 1 or 2 min were greater using the High-site nerve-block than the Low-site nerve-block (p = 0.002 and p = 0.037, respectively). In all but the High-dose ring-block group, at least 1 stag required further LA after 4 min, before antler could be humanely removed. In Experiment 2, stags reacted to a saw-cut test on 6/30 antlers, 1 min after a High-dose ring-block, compared with 1/30 antlers after 2 min (p = 0.051).

Conclusion: The High-dose ring-block produced the most effective and rapid analgesia.

Clinical relevance: A High-dose ring-block with a 2-min wait period should be the preferred method for achieving local analgesia for velvet antler removal.