Forest School and its impacts on young children: Case studies in Britain

As Forest School has become more widespread throughout Britain an understanding is needed of its impact. This paper outlines a two-phase evaluation project undertaken in Wales and England from 2002 to 2005. The evaluation was undertaken through a partnership between Forest Research and the New Economics Foundation. A methodology was developed to explore the impacts of Forest School on children and this was then used to track changes in 24 children at three case study areas over an 8-month period. The research highlights that children can benefit in a range of ways. Six themes emerged from the data of the positive impacts on children in terms of confidence, social skills, language and communication, motivation and concentration, physical skills and knowledge and understanding. Two further themes highlight the wider impacts of Forest School on teachers, parents, and the extended family. Contact with the natural environment can be limited for children and young people in contemporary society due to concerns about safety outdoors and issues of risk and liability. Forest School provides an important opportunity for children to gain access to and become familiar with woodlands on a regular basis, while learning academic and practical skills. The constructivist theory of learning seems to be particularly suited to the Forest School approach as children make meaning from their direct experiences. The participatory action research approach taken in this study promoted reflective practice amongst the stakeholders involved and provided them with a sense of ownership of the study, as well as an opportunity to learn from each other.     

Acute cortisol responses of calves to scoop dehorning using local anaesthesia and/or cautery of the wound

Objective To measure plasma cortisol responses in calves dehorned using a scoop after administration of local anaesthesia and/or cautery of the wounds.
Design A physiological study with controls.
Procedure There were six treatments: control handling with and without local anaesthesia, dehorning, dehorning after local anaesthesia, dehorning followed by wound cautery, and dehorning after local anaesthesia followed by wound cautery. Blood samples were taken before and after dehorning.
Results Dehorning caused an increase in plasma cortisol concentrations, which decreased a little to plateau values and then declined to pretreatment values 3 to 4 h after dehorning. The peak was smaller after local anaesthesia was administered but when its effects wore off, cortisol concentrations increased and thereafter were similar to those in the dehorned animals. The combination of local anaesthesia and cautery resulted in a plasma cortisol response similar to those in control calves with or without local anaesthesia.
Conclusions If plasma cortisol concentrations reflect the distress being experienced by the calves, then local anaesthesia reduces the acute distress for about 3 h after dehorning but not during the subsequent 3 to 4 h. Combining local anaesthetic and cautery prevented the significant increase in plasma cortisol following dehorning and may eliminate the acute distress caused by scoop dehorning.     

鸡贫血病雏鸡ND免疫后局部免疫组织抗体生成细胞变化

对感染鸡贫血病毒（ＣＡＶ）雏鸡新城疫（ＮＤ）疫苗免疫及其强毒攻击后局部免疫组织——盲肠扁桃体和哈德尔腺的ＩｇＡ、ＩｇＧ和ＩｇＭ抗体生成细胞数量的动态变化进行了检测。结果发现,ＣＡＶ感染雏鸡ＮＤ免疫后７、１４、２８ｄ及新城疫强毒（ｖＮＤＶ）攻击后,上述免疫组织的三种抗体生成细胞数量均不同程度地低于未感染ＣＡＶ的ＮＤ免疫对照雏鸡。其中盲肠扁桃体弥散区的ＩｇＡ减少最为明显。表明ＣＡＶ感染雏鸡消化道和呼吸道局部免疫组织对新城疫疫苗的体液免疫应答功能降低。新城疫强毒攻击后ＣＡＶ感染ＮＤ免疫雏鸡的免疫保护率也明显低于未感染ＣＡＶ的免疫对照雏鸡。     

Toxicology Test and Safety Evaluation of Cefquinome Sulfate Liposomes

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety of the cefquinome sulfate liposomes by using the acute toxicity test, local irritation test and chronic toxicity test. The results showed that the LD₅₀ of cefquinome sulfate liposomes was 639.73 mg/kg after intramuscular injection of its suspension and 95% confidence interval was 573.06 to 714.17 mg/kg. There was no significant stimulation to muscle. Subchronic toxicity test showed that the weight, haematological indexes and biochemical criterion of rabbits in variety dose had no significant difference compared with normal group (P>0.05). There was no visible pathological changes on the liver,kidney histology. According to pathological observation, the structure of liver and kidney were clear in treated and middle dose groups,but there existed disorganized hepatic cell cord in the liver and hemorrhag between glomerulopathy,tubulointerstitial and hepatic sinusoids in high dose group. All results proved that the cefquinome sulfate liposomes was safe and reliable based on the animal experiments.     

案例教学在初中生物教学中的实践

生物学是一门自然科学,是以科学实验为基础的。案例教学是是一种新型的教学形式。在中学生物教学活动中开展案例教学,容易激发学生学习动机。文章就初中生物教学中的案例教学设计进行探讨。     

浅谈高职院校人力资源管理存在的问题及对策

人力资源管理是高职院校管理的核心内容。本文通过分析当前高职院校人力资源管理存在的问题,提出了加强高职院校人力资源管理的几点对策,望能起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

局域网网络环境中的实时通信模型

讨论了局域网网络环境中的实时通信过程的模型。采用Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ的时间中断技术建立了通信过程中相应的几个模型：对话建立模型、数据发送与接收模型和对话结束模型，以便用于网络中的实时通信、实时演示和实时讨论。     

新农村建设视野下豫南乡土文化遗产现状及抢护对策

豫南乡土文化存在生存环境恶化、文化本体的内部生态基因萎缩、传承后继乏人、经费投入严重不足等问题。对豫南乡土文化遗产进行抢护和回归性建设,不仅可为新农村建设的可持续发展提供不竭的精神道德支持,也有利于构筑地方经济发展的新平台。实施豫南乡土文化的建设储备战略与运行战略将是对其抢护的重要对策。     

Why Is Non-Timber Forest Product Harvesting an “Issue”?

Summary

Despite an encouraging trend in North America of growing interest across a range of disciplines in non-timber forest products (e.g., this volume), NTFP harvesters' knowledge and practices continue to be poorly understood and undervalued, if not ignored, both by research scientists and forestland policy-makers and managers. This article explores why NTFP harvesting suddenly emerged in North America as an “issue” in the early 1990s. Drawing from a three-year study of chanterelle mushroom harvesters on the Olympic Peninsula Biosphere Reserve (Washington, USA), we discuss a variety of forces which intersected in this period to bring NTFP harvesting to wider attention. Unfortunately, harvesters continue to be excluded as knowledgeable actors in, if not legitimate co-managers of, temperate forest ecosystems, resulting in both passive and active harvester resistance to research and management, a devaluing of local harvesting traditions, and missed opportunities for collaboration. We reluctantly conclude that despite “New Forestry” co-management rhetoric, given existing institutional barriers and positivist scientific categories, NTFP workers will likely remain excluded from active roles in temperate forest research and management-contributing in turn to the ongoing legitimacy crisis of public and private forest management entities.     

安哥拉山羊级进杂交后代生活力初步观察

对安哥拉山羊及其级进杂交后代的生长发育、繁殖力、抗病性、采食习性等进行初步观察研究，结果表明：在试验场良好的饲养条件下，各代杂种羊生长发育正常，但繁殖力、抗病性、采食能力随级进杂交代数的增加有降低的趋势。据此，笔者认为，在陕北特定的生态经济条件下，培育毛用山羊新品种，级进杂交代数不宜太高，到Ｆ３代应停止级进，进行横交固定，而且在整个育种中，应始终注意饲养问题，以保证新品种培育成功。