牙鲆"鲆优2号"不同养殖地点生长和存活性状的基因型与环境互作分析

为比较牙鲆"鲆优2号"在不同养殖地区的生长和存活性能,实验利用连续多代对生长性状和抗迟缓爱德华氏菌病性状遗传参数评估和基因组选择的结果筛选出的亲本,建立28个"鲆优2号"家系,在河北(Site 1)和山东(Site 2)进行对比养殖试验,利用混合线性动物模型对生长和存活性状进行了基因型与环境互作分析。Site 1和Site 2的平均日增重分别为1.5和1.2 g/d,养殖成活率分别为81.4%和82.2%,"鲆优2号"在两个养殖地点的生长和抗病性能均表现优异。不同养殖环境间收获体质量和存活性状的遗传相关分别为0.57(<0.7)和0.82(>0.7),说明不同养殖环境间收获体质量存在显著的基因型与环境互作效应,但是不同养殖环境间存活性状的基因型与环境互作效应不显著。研究表明,牙鲆"鲆优2号"新品种在不同养殖地点的生长和存活性能均表现良好,为保证良好的推广效果,需要对牙鲆的制种方案进一步优化,针对不同的养殖地区进行"鲆优2号"苗种生产,或培育具有普适性的"鲆优2号"苗种,保证在不同养殖环境下的快速生长和高存活率优势。     

Space–time patterns of co‐variation of biodiversity and primary production in phytoplankton guilds of coastal marine environments

• 1. The relevance of biodiversity to ecosystem processes is a major topic in ecology. Here, we analyse the relationship between biodiversity and productivity of the nano‐ and micro‐phytoplankton guilds in coastal marine ecosystems.
• 2. The patterns of variation of species richness, diversity and primary productivity (as ¹⁴C assimilation) were studied in two marine areas: a eutrophic–mesotrophic area beside the River Po delta (northern Adriatic) and an oligotrophic area around the Salento peninsula (southern Adriatic–Ionian). The study was carried out at 23 sites in the northern area and at 45 sites in the southern area. Sites were arranged on expected spatial and temporal gradients of primary productivity variation, according to distance from the coast, optical depths and seasonal period.
• 3. 167 taxa were identified in the northern area and 153 taxa in the southern area. In both areas, the taxonomic composition of the nano‐ and micro‐phytoplankton guilds exhibited greater temporal than spatial variation. The latter was much higher in the southern area than in the northern area (average dissimilarity between stations being 70.7±0.8% and 44.7±4.2% respectively).
• 4. Primary productivity varied in space and time on the gradients considered. Phytoplankton species richness and diversity exhibited significant patterns of variation in space and time; overall, these were inversely related to the primary productivity patterns in the northern area, whereas they were directly related in the southern area.
• 5. The small individual size and the high turnover rate of phytoplankton are likely to underlie the observed relationships, which emphasized a threshold response to nutrient enrichment in agreement with the ‘paradox of enrichment’. Under resource enrichment conditions, the high turnover of producers leads to hierarchical partitioning of the available resources with an increasing dominance of a few species. Therefore, the relationship observed here seems likely to be explained by the complementarity hypothesis.

Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

看水越冬及其生物学分析

根据黑龙江、吉林地区数十个鱼类越冬池的实测数据 ,从水色、透明度、浮游生物与水体溶氧间的相互关系 ,总结如下规律 :1 水体透明度与浮游植物量负相关 ,与浮游动物量正相关。透明度 <5 0cm者 ,浮游植物丰富而极少浮游动物 ,一般氧气充足 ;透明度 >80cm者 ,多滤食性浮游动物 ,浮游植物少 ,一般溶氧量较低。越冬池透明度以 5 0～ 70cm为宜。 2 根据水体透明度可了解越冬池营养盐的丰欠 ,在越冬中、后期“肥水 (浮游植物多 )易缺肥而瘦水 (浮游动物多 )不易缺肥”。 3 目测冰下水体中鱼类的活动状况和兼测水温变化 ,可为池鱼越冬效果预测提供重要依据     

Analysis of series of variety trials with perennial crops

Field trials with perennial crops give rise to repeated measurements taken on the same plot on several occasions. It is important to account for serial correlation among repeated measurements in such trials. This study illustrates the use of mixed models for this purpose. We consider the analysis of trials conducted at several locations and the combination of trials with different starting years. A key issue in the analysis is the distinction between effects of calendar years, which are associated with external environmental variation, and harvest years, which represent internal yield formation processes of the perennial crop. Two methods of two‐stage analysis are compared with single‐stage analysis. It is shown that results of two‐stage analysis are very similar to those of single‐stage analysis, if serial correlation is properly taken into account. Program code for the MIXED procedure of the SAS system is given in an Appendix S1 for all considered cases.     

砂壤质潮土夏玉米适宜的化肥种类研究

采用田间试验研究Agro Services International Inc（ASI）推荐施肥、缓/控释肥、保水型复混肥和普通复混肥对夏玉米产量、SPAD值及养分吸收积累的影响。结果表明,夏玉米施用缓/控释肥和ASI推荐施肥增产效果较好,分别比农户习惯施肥处理增产11.0%和9.8%,保水型复混肥没有显著增产效果。夏玉米专用缓/控释肥养分缓慢释放可弥补砂壤质潮土保肥性差的缺点,能维持夏玉米各生育时期较高的叶片叶绿素含量,促进夏玉米对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收利用,提高干物质积累量,具有显著增产效果,是砂壤质潮土区夏玉米适宜的化肥品种。     

不同预处理对铁皮石斛热风干燥特性及品质的影响

为了优化铁皮石斛干燥工艺,降低其品质劣变风险,对热风干燥前的铁皮石斛鲜条进行直接剪切、烫漂和冻融预处理。研究不同预处理条件的铁皮石斛干燥特性和品质变化;利用低场核磁共振技术分析预处理对铁皮石斛干燥过程中水分迁移的影响。结果表明,预处理是影响铁皮石斛热风干燥过程的重要因素。与直接剪切相比,烫漂和冻融预处理提高了水分有效扩散系数,缩短了干燥时间,降低了能耗,尤以冻融预处理最为显著,干燥时间缩短了44.4%,能耗降低了42.76%（P<0.05）。微观结构观察表明,烫漂和冻融预处理使铁皮石斛组织间隙变大,细胞壁受到破坏,减弱了铁皮石斛组织对水分的束缚并增强了水分流动性,引起水分的重新分布,有利于水分迁移。低场核磁共振技术分析显示,干燥过程中去除的主要是自由水,烫漂和冻融预处理均降低了自由水的脱除时间,冻融预处理去除自由水的时间最少,为120 min。与直接剪切相比,冻融预处理提高了铁皮石斛干品中多糖和多酚的含量,分别提高了10.66%和12.32%,而烫漂预处理降低了铁皮石斛多糖和多酚的含量,分别降低了11.73%和14.73%,3种预处理铁皮石斛生物碱含量差异不显著（P>0.05）。总之,冻融预处理方法可以降低铁皮石斛干燥品质劣变风险,研究结果为石斛加工规范化生产提供参考。     

西宁盆地黄土区坡形及植被类型对坡面土壤入渗影响

为进一步探讨青藏高原东北部黄土区草本植物护坡机理,选取西宁盆地长岭沟流域自建试验区,通过设计2种不同坡形和选取适宜当地气候条件生长的3种草本植物,采用野外试验区人工模拟降雨方法,首先分析了坡面土壤水文参数(土壤入渗、坡面土体含水量)分布变化,进而探讨了影响种植草本坡面土壤水分入渗的主要因素与特征,最后对坡面土壤水分入渗过程进行模型模拟与评价。结果表明:种植垂穗披碱草阶梯形边坡产流时间相对最晚,直形裸坡阶段产流量最大,其最大阶段累积径流量在降雨试验40~45 min时,为17 730 mL;2种坡形边坡坡面平均稳定入渗速率由大到小依次为阶梯形种植垂穗披碱草边坡(0.519 mm/min)、直形垂穗披碱草边坡(0.423 mm/min)、直形老芒麦边坡(0.422 mm/min)、直形细茎冰草边坡(0.318 mm/min)、阶梯形裸坡(0.321 mm/min)和直形裸坡(0.192 mm/min),且种植垂穗披碱草和老芒麦边坡土体含水量在地表以下0—50 cm增幅相对最高,说明种植草本有助于边坡土体内部水分入渗。在此基础上,采用Horton模型、Kostiakov模型和通用经验模型进行坡面土壤水分入渗模拟,结果表明直形边坡土壤水分入渗过程以Horton模型和通用经验模型的拟合效果相对较为理想;阶梯形边坡则以Horton模型得到的土壤水分入渗拟合效果相对最优;最后,通过Pearson相关性分析得出,区内边坡土壤水分入渗特性主要影响因素为土壤有机质与植被覆盖度,且土壤有机质与初始入渗率间呈显著正相关关系(R²为0.986),植被覆盖度与稳定入渗率间则呈极显著相关关系(R²为0.997)。研究结果对于科学有效防治高寒半干旱区水土流失以及研究不同植被类型及坡形水土保持能力具有理论研究价值和实际指导意义。     

Coupled magnetic nanoparticle-mediated isolation and single-cell image recognition to detect Bacillus' cell size in soil

Microbial morphology fundamentally constrains how species interact with their environment, and hence ultimately affects their niche. However, the methodology of functional microbes in the soil ecosystem is still poorly studied since it is difficult to capture and identify the active monospecific community from the complicated environment and enormous number of microbial species in soils. To comprehensively reveal the morphology of active microbes in soil ecosystem, magnetic nanoparticle-mediated isolation (MMI) and single-cell image recognition (SCIR) were employed to study soil active Bacillus community, which functionally boosted the soil fertility in organic fertilisation compared to mineral fertilisation and unfertilised control treatments in our previous study. The results showed that MMI and SCIR can efficiently isolate active Bacillus from soil particles and other microorganisms. High throughput sequencing showed that the captured Bacillus showed similar community structure in different long-term fertilisation soils, while SCIR revealed that the active Bacillus was greater in number and larger in size in organic fertilisation treatment compared to mineral fertilisation and unfertilised control treatments. Our study demonstrates that the combination of MMI and SCIR is a potentially powerful tool to capture and identify the morphology of active and functional microbes in the soil ecosystem.     

由活泼清丽到低沉悲凉——论李清照词意象的嬗变与其身世环境的相关性

意象是融入了主观情意的客观物象,或者是借助客观物象表现出来的主观情意。通过对意象的分析,可以领略作者的主观感情、抱负情怀以及身世环境。本文通过对李清照不同词中意象的分析,揭示出女词人人生境况的变化。