反光膜对育肥羔羊生理指标和生长性能的影响

该研究对单彩钢屋顶外表面铺设反光膜,以解决实际生产中单彩钢屋顶育肥羊舍热应激严重的问题。选择两栋建筑结构相同的敞棚羊舍,其中一栋单彩钢屋顶外铺反光膜（铺膜舍）,另一栋单彩钢舍作为对照（对照舍）。利用红外热像仪对夏季（6－8月份）屋顶内表面温度进行阶段性（前期第1～7 天、中期第8～37天和后期第38～67天）热成像分析,同时计算各阶段屋顶内表面辐射热,并通过测定育肥羔羊生长性能和生理指标评价反光膜缓解育肥羔羊热应激的效果。结果表明：1）试验期间对照舍屋顶内表面温度、屋顶内表面辐射热均在11:30达到最高值,铺膜舍则在14:00达到峰值;整个试验期铺膜舍屋顶内表面温度较对照舍平均降低7.31 ℃,尤其每天9:00-16:30降低显著（P<0.05）,此外,铺膜舍屋顶内表面辐射热较对照舍降低8.85%。2）试验全期铺膜舍环境温度较对照舍平均降低0.55 ℃,尤其前期9:00-13:00显著降低,达1.78 ℃（P<0.05）。 另外,舍内环境温度与屋顶内表面温度、屋顶内表面辐射热均表现出显著线性正相关关系（P<0.01）;3）试验全期铺膜舍羔羊日均质量增重较对照舍显著提高10.97%（P<0.05）,试验中期和后期两舍育肥羔羊的饮水量存在显著差异（P<0.05）,分别较对照舍提高15.58%和12.66%;呼吸频率较对照舍降低5.31%（P<0.05）。可见,单彩钢屋顶外铺反光膜可有效改善屋顶的隔热性能,改善育肥羔羊的生理指标和生长性能,缓解其热应激。     

氮、钾用量对机采加工番茄果实成熟、产量及品质的影响

为探索适合新疆地区膜下滴灌机械采收加工番茄的施肥规律,研究不同氮肥(N)、钾肥(K)及交互作用(N×K)对机械采收加工番茄果实成熟、产量及品质的影响,设置氮肥和钾肥二因素随机区组试验,设计9个处理,3次重复。结果表明不同N、K用量及其互作对加工番茄果实物质积累量、单果质量、果实红熟率、产量、可溶性固形物含量、番茄红素含量影响显著,对果实叶绿素含量、β-胡萝卜素含量、L值影响不显著。N₂K₂、N₂K₃、N₃K₂条件下加工番茄产量≥16.12×10⁴kg·hm^-2、成熟度≥93.29%、果实固形物含量≥5.22%、番茄红素含量≥21.38mg·hg^-1,可满足机械采收对加工番茄的要求。通过经济效益分析推荐施肥量为N 152.1 kg·hm^-2,K₂O 118.2kg·hm^-2。     

DMPP mitigates N2O and NO productions by inhibiting ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in an intensified vegetable field under different temperature and moisture regimes

Vegetable soils with high nitrogen input are major sources of nitrous oxide (N₂O) and nitric oxide (NO), and incorporation of the nitrification inhibitor 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) into soils has been documented to effectively reduce emissions. However, the efficiency of DMPP in terms of soil N₂O and NO mitigations varies greatly depending on soil temperature and moisture levels. Thus, further evaluations of DMPP efficiency in diverse environments are required to encourage widespread application. A laboratory incubation study (28 d) was established to investigate the interactive effects of DMPP, temperature (15, 25, and 35 ℃), and soil moisture (55% and 80% of water-holding capacity (WHC)) on net nitrification rate, N₂O and NO productions, and gene abundances of nitrifiers and denitrifiers in an intensive vegetable soil. Results showed that incubating soil with 1% DMPP led to partial inhibition of the net nitrification rate and N₂O and NO productions, and the reduction percentage of N₂O production was higher than that of NO production (69.3% vs. 38.2%) regardless of temperature and soil moisture conditions. The increased temperatures promoted the net nitrification rate but decreased soil N₂O and NO productions. Soil moisture influenced NO production more than N₂O production, decreasing with the increased moisture level (80%). The inhibitory effect of DMPP on cumulative N₂O and NO productions decreased with increased temperatures at 55% WHC. Conversely, the inhibitory effect of DMPP on cumulative N₂O production increased with increased temperatures at 80% WHC. Based on the correlation analyses and automatic linear modeling, the mitigation of both N₂O and NO productions from the soil induced by DMPP was attributed to the decreases in ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) amoA gene abundance and NO^-₂-N concentration. Overall, our study indicated that DMPP reduced both N₂O and NO productions by regulating the associated AOB amoA gene abundance and NO^-₂-N concentration. These findings improve our insights regarding the implications of DMPP for N₂O and NO mitigations in vegetable soils under various climate scenarios.     

臭氧结合氮气气调储藏对稻谷品质的影响

为探讨臭氧(O3)预处理结合氮气(N2)气调对稻谷储藏品质的影响,以4种不同方式(O3/N2、O3/Air、对照/N2、对照/Air)对稻谷进行处理,并在14℃和相对湿度75％的储藏条件下,对储藏期间稻谷微生物指标、理化特性和感官评分等进行研究.结果表明,臭氧预处理显著降低了稻谷中细菌、霉菌和酵母菌菌落数(P＜0.05...     

山东省畜禽粪便的环境污染现状及风险评价

以耕地和水环境保护为出发点,根据山东省各地市近五年来畜禽养殖量数据,采用排泄系数法估算畜禽粪便的产生量,在此基础上计算了畜禽粪便的耕地负荷和水体等标污染指数等指标,综合评价了各地市畜禽养殖业的发展对土壤和水环境产生的污染压力。研究发现：2014-2018年山东全省畜禽粪便的平均耕地污染风险指数为0.77~0.84,预警级别为Ⅲ级;全省平均水体等标污染指数由9.26逐渐降低为4.46,对应的预警级别由Ⅱ级降为Ⅰ级。表明畜禽污染已对土壤环境产生风险,潍坊市尤为突出;而畜禽污染对水体环境基本无污染风险,但不同地区间存在差异,聊城市的水体污染风险仍相对较高。此外,依据土壤养分平衡理论和山东省耕地面积估算,山东省2018年畜禽的最高承载数量（以猪当量计）为12 873万头。本研究为优化畜禽养殖结构、推动区域畜禽养殖业绿色发展、保护区域生态可持续发展提供了理论参考。     

农艺深施及配施缓控释氮肥对水稻产量及氮素损失的影响

为探讨基肥"干施湿混"（施基肥-泡田-旋耙整田）结合追肥"以水带氮"（先施追肥再灌水）的农艺深施技术及其配施缓控释氮肥对氮素损失及水稻氮素吸收利用的影响,采用田间小区试验,设置不施氮肥（N0）、常规施肥（Nc）、农艺深施（Nd）、农艺深施配施缓控释氮肥再减氮10%（Ns）4个处理,研究了农艺深施及其配施缓控释氮肥对稻田田面水中氮素形态和浓度、稻田氮素流失量、水稻氮素吸收与产量、氮盈余量、土壤有效氮含量的影响。结果表明：与Nc处理相比,Nd和Ns处理均能降低氮素损失高风险期（基肥后7 d内,分蘖肥后5 d内,穗肥后4 d内）稻田田面水中总氮（TN）浓度,降幅分别为18.5%和49.8%,且主要降低了可溶性总氮（DTN）,尤其是铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）的浓度;Nd和Ns处理稻田TN流失量分别降低了19.1%和47.6%,氮肥表观利用率分别提高了15.3、3.9个百分点,氮素盈余量分别降低了6.8%和38.1%,且土壤有效氮含量和水稻产量均有增加的趋势。研究表明,基肥"干施湿混"结合追肥"以水带氮"的农艺深施技术能降低稻田田面水中氮素浓度,提高氮肥利用率,减少氮肥损失,是一项值得推广的操作简便、绿色增效的施肥技术,再配施缓控释氮肥,能进一步降低田面水中氮素浓度和氮肥损失,同时能减少氮肥用量。     

不同干燥方式下黄牛肉水分分布迁移规律研究

为探索不同干燥方式对宁夏泾源黄牛肉水分分布特性及迁移规律的影响,本试验采用低场核磁共振技术(LF-NMR)结合干燥曲线,对中红外联合电加热(MICEH)、中红外(MI)、低温真空(LTV)3种干燥方式进行对比研究.结果表明,相同加热功率下泾源黄牛肉湿基含水率由72％降至20％以下所需时间分别为330、420和450 m...     

Proximal sensor-enhanced soil mapping in complex soil-landscape areas of Brazil

Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometry and magnetic susceptibility (MS) via magnetometer have been increasingly used with terrain variables for digital soil mapping. However, this methodology is still emerging in many countries with tropical soils. The objective of this study was to use proximal soil sensor data associated with terrain variables at varying spatial resolutions to predict soil classes using the Random Forest (RF) algorithm. The study was conducted on a 316-ha area featuring highly variable soil classes and complex soil-landscape relationships in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The overall accuracy and Kappa index were evaluated using soils that were classified at 118 sites, with 90 being used for modeling and 28 for validation. Digital elevation models (DEMs) were created at 5-, 10-, 20-, and 30-m resolutions using contour lines from two sources. The resulting DEMs were processed to generate 12 terrain variables. Total Fe, Ti, and SiO₂ contents were obtained using pXRF, with MS determined via a magnetometer. Soil class prediction was performed using the RF algorithm. The quality of the soil maps improved when using only the five most important covariates and combining proximal sensor data with terrain variables at different spatial resolutions. The finest spatial resolution did not always provide the most accurate maps. The high soil complexity in the area prevented highly accurate predictions. The most important variables influencing the soil mapping were MS, Fe, and Ti. Proximal sensor data associated with terrain information were successfully used to map Brazilian soils at variable spatial resolutions.     

采用双模态联合表征学习方法识别作物病害

基于深度卷积神经网络的视觉识别方法在病害诊断中表现出色,逐渐成为了研究热点。但是,基于深度卷积神经网络建立的视觉识别模型通常只利用了图像模态的数据,导致模型的识别准确率和鲁棒性,都依赖训练数据集的规模和标注的质量。构建开放环境下大规模的病害数据集并完成高质量的标注,通常需要付出巨大的经济和技术代价,限制了基于深度卷积神经网络的视觉识别方法在实际应用中的推广。该研究提出了一种基于图像与文本双模态联合表征学习的开放环境下作物病害识别模型(bimodalNet)。该模型在病害图像模态的基础上,进行了病害文本模态信息的嵌入,利用两种模态病害信息间的相关性和互补性,实现了病害特征的联合表征学习。最终bimodalNet在较小的数据集上取得了优于单纯的图像模态模型和文本模态模型的效果,最优模型组合在测试集的准确率、精确率、灵敏度、特异性和F1值分别为99.47%、98.51%、98.61%、99.68%和98.51%。该研究证明了利用病害图像和病害文本的双模态表征学习是解决开放环境下作物病害识别的有效方法。     

寒潮天气表冷器-风机集放热系统对连栋大棚热湿环境的影响

连栋塑料大棚棚内环境易受寒潮侵扰,为调节棚内热湿环境,将表冷器-风机集放系统应用于连栋塑料大棚中,在白天适宜条件下运行系统,将棚内空气盈余的热量收集并储存在蓄热水箱中,夜间气温较低时,再将储存的热量释放出来用以加温。对表冷器-风机集放热系统的运行效果进行试验,通过集热量、放热量和性能系数等评价集放热性能,并且将水气温差作为主要影响因素对系统运行阶段分别进行热流量分析和分析。结果表明,在寒潮下系统可以保证棚内气温比棚外高5.2～7.8 ℃。集热量达到了390.6～693 MJ,放热量为361.2～609 MJ,系统性能系数达到了4.4～7.2,节能效果较为显著。系统在运行过程中水气温差每增长1 ℃,集热流量增加0.82 kW,放热流量增加0.58 kW,单位时间内换热量较大;此外系统在集热阶段析湿系数约为1.70,表冷器-风机进出口空气含湿量差最高可达1.3×10-3 kg/kg,说明在集热阶段系统具有冷凝除湿的效果;同时在冷凝除湿过程中系统效率随着水气温差的增加而增加,最高可达到82.8%,能量利用率较高。该研究对保证连栋塑料大棚安全越冬生产具有重要意义。