A review of the biophysical properties of salmonid faeces: implications for aquaculture waste dispersal models and integrated multi-trophic aquaculture

Knowledge of the quantitative and qualitative properties of salmonid faeces is necessary for aquaculture waste dispersal models, and the design of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) systems. The amount and proximate composition of salmonid faeces can be estimated using a mass-balance, nutritional approach. Indigestible components of salmonid diets have the potential to affect faecal 'cohesiveness' or 'stability'. Nutrient content and density of faeces can vary depending on diet and submersion time. Faecal density has a greater influence on settling velocity than faecal size. Published settling velocity data on salmonid faeces are highly variable due to differences in fish size, rearing systems, collection time, water density, methodology, the mass fraction tested and diet. Most faecal settling data used in published salmonid waste dispersal models are rudimentary and recent information suggests that such models are highly sensitive to this input. The design of open-water IMTA systems and estimation of nutrient capture and recovery from co-cultured filter feeders is difficult due to limited information on particle size, digestibility, settleable and non-settleable mass fractions of salmonid faeces at cage environments. Implications of faecal properties on the accountability for the effects of aquaculture nutrient loading are discussed.     

挤压三通的极限压力试验与数值模拟

对两种典型的国产冷挤压三通进行了整体屈服试验研究，测量了各部位壁厚尺寸，并探讨了采用非线性一有限元技术分析其极限承载能力的可行性。结果表明，挤压三通的极限承载能力不小于相应直管的理论值，建立在一定简化基础上的有限元模型可以很好地反映其整体屈服特征。     

Behavior,blood stress indicators,skin lesions,and meat quality in pigs transported to slaughter at different loading densities

A total of 1,936 pigs were transported through 8 trips (8.4 ± 0.5 hr) from 2 grow-to-finish farms to a commercial slaughter plant, all located in Southern Brazil. On each trip, a sub-sample of each load (36 barrows/load, weighing 118.9 ± 9.8 kg) was randomly allocated into one of the following loading densities during transport: 200 kg/m² (D200), 235 kg/m² (D235), and 270 kg/m² (D270). Behavioral recordings of postures and activities were made during transportation and lairage using video-cameras. At slaughter, blood samples were collected to assess the concentrations of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate. Carcass weights and skin lesion scores were assessed on-line, and meat quality was evaluated in the longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle by assessing pH, color, and drip loss. During transportation, the proportion of animals lying down was higher (P < 0.05) in D200 and D235 groups compared with D270. The proportion of sitting animals during transportation was higher (P < 0.01) in D270 compared with D200. In lairage, D200 and D235 pigs stood more compared with D270 (P = 0.01), while the proportion of lying pigs was higher (P = 0.02) for D270 pigs compared with D200 and D235. The frequency of drinking bouts in lairage was higher (P < 0.05) for D200 group compared with D235 and D270. The levels of CK were lower (P < 0.05) in D200 pigs transported compared with D270. Lesion scores tended to be higher (P = 0.06) in D270 carcasses compared with D200 and D235. A tendency for lower (P = 0.10) pH1 values in the LT muscle of D270 pigs compared with D200 pigs was also found. Based on the results of this study, the application of lower loading densities (≤235 kg/m²) in the truck allows pigs to have sufficient space to rest, travel more comfortably and arrive less fatigued at the slaughter plant.     

人工快速渗滤系统在污水资源化中的应用研究

人工快速渗滤系统(CRI)是在传统的污水快速渗滤处理系统(RI)的基础上发展起来的一种崭新的污水土地处理技术。本文结合工程实例着重指出在水资源短缺、水污染日趋严重的今天,CRI系统以其低投资、低能耗、操作管理方便以及净化效果良好等优点在实现污水资源化中的重大现实意义。     

库源关系对草莓叶片光合磷酸化和Rubisco活性的影响

以温室草莓为试材,研究库源关系对叶片光合磷酸化和Rubisco活性的影响,以提高草莓叶片光合作用和果实品质.结果表明:提高草莓的负载量,可显著提高叶片净光合速率、叶绿素含量,同时,叶片中可溶性蛋白、Rubisco活性、Hill反应活性、光合磷酸化活性、ATPase活性也得到显著提高.所有处理叶片净光合速率与Rubisco活性和Ca2+ -ATPase呈显著正相关,在高负载量下净光合速率与叶绿体活性显著性升高.提高负载量能提高草莓单株产量,但是降低了果实品质,在宁夏,每株草莓留4个果实其产量和品质均较好.因此,设施条件下,负载量主要是通过调节叶片中Rubisco和叶绿体活性来影响叶片光合作用,最终调节草莓产量和果实品质.     

垂直流人工湿地中污染物的沿程变化

以垂直流湿地处理生活污水为例,通过对两种垂直流湿地中不同深度填料中水样的分析,讨论了5个水力负荷条件下,CODCr、NH4^＋-N、TN、NO3^--N浓度的沿水流方向变化。结果表明,水力负荷为8．5、10．6、14．1cm·d^-1时,多层填料（1#）湿地和双层填料（2#）湿地中的CODCr浓度均涮缝降低,在0-20cm浅层填料处,即可去除绝大部分的有机污染物。1#湿地和2#湿地中NH4^＋-N、TN、NO3^--N浓度的沿程变化桎不同的水力负荷条件下差异较大。比较分析表明,垂直流湿地的填料结构和水力负荷影响硝化和反硝化反应的进程,从而影响氮污染物的沿程变化。     

真空预压在软土地基中的应用

结合工程实际情况,通过在施工过程中的施工工艺、实测效果及各监测项目变化规律、加固效果的分析等方面的研究,得出结论：真空预压排水固结法在处理软基加固方面是行之有效的处理方法。     

杉檫人工混交林地表可燃物水分析出规律的研究

设立标准地,测定杉檫人工混交林内地表可燃物水分与林内气象因子及地表可燃物负荷量的关系,运用SPSS软件分析,得出多元线性回归方程。并结合偏相关分析它们对地表可燃物水分析出规律影响的权重。结果表明权重大小顺序为:相对湿度、风速、温度、地表可燃物负荷量。     

承德县人工针叶林地表枯死可燃物参数估测及潜在地表火行为评价

森林地表枯死可燃物是森林燃烧的基础物质之一,直接影响着地表火行为发生的强度.承德县境内分布着大面积的人工针叶林,林下积蓄的枯枝落叶较多,发生地表火的危险性极高,因此,对影响潜在地表火行为的因子,即地表枯死可燃物的各类载量及含水率进行调查研究(Shan et al.,2002),从而实时掌握不同林分的潜在地表火行为状况,显得尤为重要.     

固定水力负荷下人工湿地各单元净化污水效果研究

以东莞生态产业园内的人工湿地污水处理系统为研究对象,对比分析了系统内反硝化池、垂直流人工湿地、表面流人工湿地单元在高温期和低温期的污水净化能力,探讨了系统建成运行3年后,2013—2015年在固定水力负荷下的污水处理效果。结果表明,该人工湿地污水处理系统运行3年,净化能力保持稳定;相对于低温期,系统在高温期的污水处理效果不明显;反硝化池、垂直流人工湿地、表面流人工湿地各单元的污水处理能力不同,垂直流人工湿地对总磷、总氮的去除效果明显,反硝化池对氨氮的去除效果明显;表面流人工湿地相对于垂直流人工湿地,对各项水质指标值的去除效果不明显。作为人工湿地污水处理系统,应当重视表面流人工湿地对污水净化效果的影响。