Analysis of mesh breaking loads in cotton gill nets: Possible solution to ghost fishing

ABSTRACT:   A small number of fishers in Chiba Prefecture of eastern Japan use cotton gill nets to catch Japanese spiny lobster Panulirus japonicus. To examine the advantages of cotton gill nets, we analyzed changes in mesh breaking load of a new cotton gill net used in a fishing operation. A new cotton gill net was also soaked in a seawater tank to simulate ghost fishing conditions. The average mesh breaking load of new cotton mesh was 50.3 N. This value decreased to 19.0 N after 38 days (∼912 h), and after 82 days (∼1968 h) the mesh could be easily torn (breaking load 0.07 N). Under fishing conditions, the cumulative soak time was only 744.4 h over 19 months. The average breaking load at the end of this period was 43.1 N, a strength 86% that of the presoaked mesh. The mesh breaking load of a cotton gill net continuously soaked for 744.4 h was 26.1 N, as estimated from tank experiment data. Thus, a cotton gill net maintains reasonable strength under typical use conditions, but will degrade if lost at sea.     

牛瘤胃胃电频谱分析中窗函数的选择

采用三种常用的窗口函数,对牛瘤胃４ 种生理状态下胃电（峰电位和慢电位）的频谱进行了分析比较,得出了不同窗函数下频谱中幅值的特性,并分析确定了作者课题组频谱分析时的窗口函数——汉宁窗。     

Impact of land use on nitrogen concentration in groundwater and river water

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of land use on nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) in shallow groundwater (G-N) and total nitrogen (N) in river water (R-N). The study area consisted of 26 watersheds (1342 km²) covering 72% of Kagawa Prefecture in Japan. We estimated G-N specific concentrations, which showed the magnitude of the upland fields, paddy fields, forests and urban land-use contributions to watershed-mean G-N. G-N specific concentrations were gained as partial regression coefficients using a multiple regression analysis of the watershed-mean G-N concentrations and the land-use ratios in each of the 26 watersheds. The results showed that the G-N specific concentration, which was gained as the partial regression coefficient for the multiple regression analysis, was 15.2 mg L^?1, 10.3 mg L^?1, 2.3 mg L^?1 and 2.5 mg L^?1 for the upland fields, paddy fields, forests and urban land-use types, respectively. R-N pollution load runoff to the river mouth was calculated by multiplying R-N specific concentration (previously reported) by river flow at the river mouth. Similarly, G-N pollution load arrival to groundwater was calculated by multiplying G-N specific concentration by the groundwater flow. The R-N pollution load runoff was 19.3 kg ha^?1 y^?1, 7.7 kg ha^?1 y^?1, 1.7 kg ha^?1 y^?1 and 7.6 kg ha^?1 y^?1, while the G-N pollution load arrival was 7.3 kg ha^?1 y^?1, 5.0 kg ha^?1 y^?1, 1.1 kg ha^?1 y^?1 and 1.2 kg ha^?1 y^?1, for upland fields, paddy fields, forests and urban areas, respectively. These results showed that the N in river water and groundwater was derived mainly from runoff and leaching from croplands. Therefore, the relationships between watershed-mean non-absorbed, applied nitrogen (NAA-N: nitrogen applied to cropland via fertilizer and manure without being absorbed by crops), R-N concentration and watershed-mean G-N concentration were investigated. A curvilinear correlation was observed between NAA-N and R-N concentrations (r² = 0.68) except for one small, high-density, urban watershed, and a weak linear correlation was observed between NAA-N and G-N concentrations (r² = 0.42).     

基于高光谱数据的水体叶绿素a指数反演模型的建立

水体叶绿素a含量是反映水体质量的重要指标之一,利用遥感技术监测其含量具有众多优势。该研究利用2012年7月在广西壮族自治区桂林市漓江流域实地采集的水体高光谱数据和实验室化验分析数据,借鉴陆表植被叶绿素a的遥感反演模型,发展了一种新的水体叶绿素a提取指数(water chlorophyll-a index,WCI)。通过与反射率敏感波段法、波段比值法和半分析方法对比分析发现,新提出的WCI指数使用650、685、696 nm波段,波段稳定,决定系数R2可达0.58,均方根误差最小为0.24,受水体悬浮物影响小,在天津海河区域的验证效果也表明了该模型可以有效地提取水体叶绿素a含量。该方法扩展了水体叶绿素a监测的建模思路,对水体叶绿素a监测建模有一定的指导作用。     

荒漠土壤有机质含量高光谱估算模型

为解决荒漠土壤有机质含量高光谱估算存在的困难,提高土壤有机质含量估算的精准性,该文对准噶尔盆地东部荒漠土壤进行采样、化验分析和光谱测量、处理,分析土壤光谱与有机质含量的相关性,确定敏感光谱波段,建立荒漠土壤有机质含量多种高光谱估算模型,旨在通过模型精度的比较,确定最优模型。结果表明：反射率、倒数对数光谱与荒漠土壤有机质含量相关性低,而经过一阶微分、二阶微分变换后,相关系数有所提高,部分波段的相关系数通过0.01显著水平的检验,可以用来荒漠土壤有机质含量的估算;一元线性回归建立的估算模型的精度低,不适用荒漠土壤有机质含量高光谱的估算。荒漠土壤有机质多元逐步回归模型的二阶微分、倒数对数二阶微分修正决定系数得到了较大提高,分别提高了0.22和0.31,均方根误差下降了0.66和0.80,建模精度高于一元线性回归模型。荒漠土壤有机质一阶微分、二阶微分光谱的最小偏二乘回归模型的决定系数比其多元逐步回归模型提高了0.07、0.04,一阶微分、二阶微分均方根误差都下降了0.11,二阶微分偏最小二乘法回归模型是该研究所建12个模型的最优估算模型。在多元逐步、偏最小二乘回归模型中,最优估算模型是二阶微分模型,因而用偏最小二乘法回归估算荒漠土壤有机质含量是个可行的方法。该研究的成果为荒漠土壤有机质高光谱遥感分析提供了支撑,实现荒漠土壤有机质监测的时效性、准确性,为区域生态环境的修复提供依据。     

基于DTW距离的拖拉机传动轴载荷样本长度计算方法

针对工程领域载荷样本长度确定方法对农业机械载荷适用性较差的问题,提出了一种基于动态时间扭曲(DTW,Dynamic Time Warping)距离计算载荷样本长度的方法。首先,运用无线扭矩传感器获取犁耕作业下拖拉机传动轴的动态载荷,结合传动轴犁耕作业下的载荷特点,划分作业工况;再将作业循环叠加并经过归一化处理后进行DTW距离计算,确定传动轴载荷样本长度;最后,计算参数外推中均值混合正态分布函数的拟合参数相对误差。结果表明,运用DTW距离方法确定的载荷样本长度,能够使均值双正态分布函数拟合得到的参数相对误差保证在10%以内。近似均值精度估计法和均值曲线拟合法的拟合参数相对误差最大值分别为126.06%和80.62%,而基于DTW距离计算方法的拟合参数相对误差最大值为5.43%,验证了基于DTW距离的载荷样本长度计算方法的适用性。研究结果可为拖拉机传动轴田间试验载荷样本长度确定提供参考。     

基于遥感光谱的干旱区土地退化评价体系构建

干旱区土地退化(荒漠化)作为全球面临生态环境挑战之一,对粮食安全、环境质量和区域自然资源管理至关重要。土地退化本质是人与自然因素协同作用下土地利用/覆被类型、数量、结构以及功能的改变而引起的生态服务价值降低,核心是土壤和植被的退化。一方面,人与自然共同作用下的土地利用覆被可以表征土地退化状态,另一方面植被-土壤生境时间序列相互作用过程进一步辅助土地退化过程诊断。因此,该文首先从覆被结构、退化类型和退化程度3个层次建立干旱区土地退化状态评价体系。其次,采用GF-1/WFV时间序列遥感影像,基于多端元光谱混合分解模型建立土地利用/覆被精细分类量化表征下垫面质量属性,并进一步利用植被-生境组分互动特征参数进行功能量化,综合评价民勤2015年退化类型和退化程度。最后,结合地面立地景观照片以及采样点实测数据,对土地退化状态评价结果进行绝对定标和交叉验证。结果表明:遥感评价识别土地退化类型和程度的能力分别为87.5%和78.7%。对于民勤旱地系统,沙化过程、沙-盐化过程是主要的土地退化过程,轻度沙化、中度沙化为主导退化程度。该方法为宽波段遥感国产高分1号卫星在旱地系统土地退化状态信息提取和深入应用提供科学依据和实证研究。     

不同施肥情况下甘蔗叶片的光谱特征分析及叶绿素含量检测

In order to investigate the visible-NIR spectral features of the leaves of a sugarcane variety(ROC 22), the spectral reflectance and the chlorophyll content were measured in the laboratory, and their correlations were analyzed.Prediction models were built eventually.Results showed that the negative correlations with r greater than 0.8 was found in 527-578 nm and 701-731 nm between spectral reflectance and chlorophyll content.And the red edge position(REP) was also found having high correlation with chlorophyll content, with the highest r of 0.8442.In order to explore the most sensitive bands for normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI), 48471 NDVI values were computed with different wavebands for each sample and their correlations with chlorophyll were also analyzed.The distribution maps of NDVI and its correlations in a two-spectral-dimension space both indicated that the red bands had significant influence than the NIR bands.The suggested sensitive red range was 710-735 nm, especially 720-725 nm; and the sensitive NIR range was from 780-850 nm, which had the higher robustness.The chlorophyll predication model with NDVI(725 and 840 nm) in tillering stage had determination coefficients of 0.7386, and was recommended for guiding the subsequent ridging fertilization.     

基于多光谱与高光谱遥感数据的冬小麦叶面积指数反演比较

近年来,高光谱遥感数据广泛应用于农作物叶面积指数(LAI)反演。与常用的多光谱遥感数据相比,高光谱数据能否提高农作物LAI反演的精度和稳定性还存在争议。针对这一问题,该研究利用实测冬小麦冠层高光谱反射率数据,构造了不同光谱分辨率和波段组合的5种光谱数据。基于ACRM(a two-layer canopy reflectance model)模型、2套参数化方案及上述5种光谱数据,对冬小麦LAI进行反演,分析光谱分辨率、高光谱数据波段选择、模型参数不确定性3方面因素对LAI反演精度与稳定性的影响。研究结果表明:当波段选择适宜、模型参数不确定性较小且光谱数据分辨率较高时,LAI反演精度与稳定性更高,提高光谱分辨率对LAI反演精度的改进作用随光谱分辨率的升高而降低;反之,当高光谱数据波段选择不当或者模型参数不确定性较大时,提高光谱数据的分辨率并未提高LAI反演精度。该研究解释了"高光谱遥感数据能否提高植被参数反演精度"问题,为进一步发挥高光谱数据在农作物LAI反演中的潜力提供了科学参考。     

用核磁共振研究浸种方法对水稻种子吸水量的影响

为寻求较佳浸种方法,该文应用低场核磁共振检测技术,研究了不同的浸种方式及浸种溶剂对水稻种子吸水量的影响。试验利用横向弛豫时间 T2反演谱分析了水稻种子的水分状态变化及吸水特性,发现浸种过程改变了水稻种子内部的水分分布情况,水稻种子吸水量对初始含水率差异不显著(P>0.05),但对各种浸种方法差异显著(P<0.05)。研究表明,采用连续浸种4 h、浸种3 h-晾干1 h-浸种1 h、浸种2 h-晾干1 h-浸种2 h及浸种2 h-晾干2 h-浸种2 h这4种不同的浸种方式时,浸种2 h-晾干1 h-浸种2 h的间歇浸种方式吸水率较高;采用清水、强氯精300倍液、饱和澄清石灰水、质量分数为40%福尔马林的50倍液、100倍液及200倍液6种不同的浸种溶液时,应用质量分数为40%福尔马林50倍液药剂时吸水率较高。低场核磁共振检测技术揭示了水稻种子含水量的影响因素,为浸种过程中吸水量的测定提供了一种有效的方法。