我国畜禽舍机械式降温系统的研究与发展现状

论述了我国畜禽舍机械式降温系统的研究与应用现状;比较分析了各种降温系统的优缺点与应用条件;考虑到设备投资与应用成本,认为采用正压送风的湿帘冷风机具有较大的应用潜力,集中式雾化降温系统和喷雾冷风机具有一定的优势;同时,指出了喷雾降温系统的研究重点是开发低成本的设备和完善适用于低压喷雾的集中式雾化降温系统的水雾分离装置.     

浙江省海宁市同仁养殖场沼气发电综合利用工程及效益分析

养殖业的污染已经成为制约规模化养殖业可持续发展的重要因素。浙江省海宁市同仁养殖园沼气发电综合利用工程,日处理养殖污水60余t,年处理量达2.37×104t,可每年节省开支1.9万元。日产沼气500 m3,用于发电,年可发电32万度,每年可创收12.8万元。太阳能集热装置100.8 m2,每年可节省开支1.26万元。年产有机肥480 t,每年仅有机肥一项的收入就可达到28.8万元。沼液经管道输送,作为附近10 hm2示范桑园及13.3 hm2稻田有机肥,又可为农民节约2.8万元。沼液、沼渣等的使用可提高土壤有机质含量,改良土壤,有利于土地资源的可持续利用。     

家畜排泄物综合处理工艺的研究

对我国广大农村家畜排泄物常规处理存在的利弊进行了调查研究,最终揭示出厌氧发酵制沼气、好氧发酵制复混肥的一套符合我国可持续发展、创建和谐社会、节约型社会的家畜粪便处理的科学、实用方法。     

无公害畜禽产品发展分析与对策

分析了我国畜禽产品的现状、存在的问题以及解决问题的对策与方法，指出了大力推进无公害畜产品发展是21世纪畜牧业发展方向。     

高纯度茶氨酸分离制备工艺研究

本文研究一种从提取茶多酚后的残留液中提纯茶氨酸的制备工艺;首先通过ZTC—型天然澄清剂对茶多酚生产废液絮凝处理,随后应用一种特制的弱极性大孔树脂(JAD-1000)对处理液进行初步分离,制备含量在50%以上的茶氨酸粗品,再通过C18层析柱,按照正交实验技术筛选的分离纯化工艺参数,对茶氨酸粗品溶液进行分离纯化制备高纯度茶氨酸;结果表明用pH值3.0的水按照60ml/min的流速进行洗脱,收集11.4min-13.5min段的洗脱馏份,浓缩冻干,检测知茶氨酸的回收率为78.4%,茶氨酸含量达98.2%。     

Using the RUSLE to identify factors controlling erosion rates of mine soils

Observable differences in particle size, smoothness and compaction between cap site (slope 2·8 per cent) and batter site (slope 20·7 per cent) surfaces on the waste rock dump at Ranger Uranium Mine were quantified in terms of revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) parameter values. Cap site surface material had a K_m (erodibility corrected for sediment density) of 0·030 and batter site surface material had a K_m of 0·0056. Using these K_m values (derived from particle size distributions), slope length and steepness (LS) factors of 0·36 for the cap site and 3·66 for the batter site, and a cover (C) factor of 0·45 for the cap site and 0·16 for the batter site, the RUSLE predicts an erosion rate from the cap site that is 1·9 times greater than erosion from the much steeper batter site. The RUSLE indicates that the finer particle size and blocky soil structure of the cap site (D₅₀ = 0·91 mm) compared with the looser granular structure of the batter site (D₅₀ = 1·74 mm) strongly influence erosion. The predictions are similar to observed soil losses from erosion plots on these sites under rainfall simulation events, for which the measured erosion rate from the cap site was approximately twice that from the batter site. For the RUSLE to predict the observed erosion rates, the support practice (P) factor for the cap site would have to be approximately 30 per cent greater than the P factor for the batter site. The higher cap site P factor probably results from smoothing and compaction caused by vehicle movement across the surface. Compaction is considered to have greatly reduced infiltration capacity, thus increasing the erodibility of the cap site. Vehicles probably also crushed the surface material at the cap site, creating the observed finer particle size distribution and further increasing the erodibility. Compaction, through its effects on erodibility (K_m) and surface roughness (P), is concluded to be the major cause of higher erosion from the cap site, even though the slope steepness is 10 times less. Parameterisation of the RUSLE quantifies the differences between sites and explains the unexpected erosion rates observed. The results highlight the need for careful management of rehabilitated sites to avoid increases in erosion which may arise from compaction by machinery.     

烟草综合利用现状及其前景

目前我国种植的烟草主要用作卷烟原料,但烟草栽培上的副产物以及卷烟工业中的废次物占其生物学产量一半以上,如何合理综合利用烟草关系到我国烟草农业以及卷烟工业的可持续发展。从烟草各个部位、卷烟工业废次物以及转基因烟草三个方面对国内外烟草综合利用的现状作一简要综述,并对烟草的综合利用前景进行展望。     

Embryo-mediated genome editing for accelerated genetic improvement of livestock

Selecting beneficial DNA variants is the main goal of animal breeding. However, this process is inherently inefficient because each animal only carries a fraction of all desirable variants. Genome editing technology with its ability to directly introduce beneficial sequence variants offers new opportunities to modernize animal breeding by overcoming this biological limitation and accelerating genetic gains. To realize rapid genetic gain, precise edits need to be introduced into genomically-selected embryos, which minimizes the genetic lag. However, embryo-mediated precision editing by homology-directed repair (HDR) mechanisms is currently an inefficient process that often produces mosaic embryos and greatly limits the numbers of available edited embryos. This review provides a summary of genome editing in bovine embryos and proposes an embryo-mediated accelerated breeding scheme that overcomes the present efficiency limitations of HDR editing in bovine embryos. It integrates embryo-based genomic selection with precise multi-editing and uses embryonic cloning with elite edited blastomeres or embryonic pluripotent stem cells to resolve mosaicism, enable multiplex editing and multiply rare elite genotypes. Such a breeding strategy would enable a more targeted, accelerated approach for livestock improvement that allows stacking of beneficial variants, even including novel traits from outside the breeding population, in the most recent elite genetic background, essentially within a single generation.     

Shading effects on canopy and tillering characteristics of continuously stocked palisadegrass in a silvopastoral system in the Amazon biome

In silvopastoral (SP) systems, forage responses depend on the microenvironment in which the plants develop. Our objective was to evaluate canopy and tillering characteristics of shaded 'Marandu' palisadegrass [Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst A Rich) Stapf, syn. Urochloa brizantha] under continuous stocking in a SP system. Treatments were one full sun (FS) and three shaded systems (silvopasture, SP) corresponding to distances from tree groves: 7.5 m north (SP1), and 15 m (SP2) and 7.5 m south (SP3) studied during two rainy seasons (Year 1 and Year 2). The tree in the SP system was Eucalyptus urograndis (hybrid of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden × Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake). The photosynthetic active radiation was greater in FS (923 μmol m^-2 s^-1), followed by SP2 (811 μmol m^-2 s^-1), SP1 (727 μmol m^-2 s^-1) and SP3 (673 μmol m^-2 s^-1). Forage accumulation in FS was 15% greater than the mean of SP1, SP2 and SP3 (10,663 kg DM/ha). There was no difference in net accumulation of leaf, stem and dead material, averaging 3,302, 3,420 and 4,063 kg DM/ha respectively. Leaf accumulation and accumulation rate were greater in Year 2, and leaf accumulation rate was similar among treatments (19 kg DM ha⁻¹ day⁻¹). Leaf proportion increased 14% from Year 1 to Year 2. Specific leaf area was greater for treatments SP1 and SP3 (193 cm²/g). Tiller population density was similar across treatments in Year 1. Shaded palisadegrass maintains leaf productivity similar to FS under continuous stocking in an SP system.     

农田尾菜发酵过程中农药残留变化特征

基于尾菜中存在农药残留的现状,以设施农业尾菜黄瓜秧为研究对象,采用气相色谱法和超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测了尾菜黄瓜秧在静态好氧发酵过程中多菌灵、吡虫啉、哒螨灵等50种农药残留的动态变化,并分析发酵重要影响因子堆高对农药残留消解的影响。结果表明:在尾菜黄瓜秧中共检测出腐霉利、多菌灵、嘧菌酯、苯醚甲环唑、烯酰吗啉、虫螨腈、吡虫啉、啶虫脒和哒螨灵9种农药残留,其中多菌灵平均残留量最高,达11.2 mg/kg,其他8种农药平均残留量在0.042~0.89 mg/kg之间。在发酵的24 d中,不同堆高条件下9种农药的消解规律均符合一级反应动力学方程,但不同农药半衰期差异较大,其中吡虫啉的平均半衰期最长,为28.9 d,多菌灵的平均半衰期最短,为10.2 d;不同堆高处理中农药的消解速率也有差异,总体上在2.5 m堆高下各农药的消解率最高、半衰期最短。本研究结果可为尾菜发酵参数优化、农业废弃物的高效资源化利用以及研发基于尾菜发酵产物的有机蔬菜专用有机肥提供理论支撑。