几种林木植物体及枯落物的微量元素分析

分析了杉木、马尾松、火炬松和青冈栎 4种林木叶、小枝和细根中B、Mo、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn 6种微量营养元素的含量以及林下枯落物中这些元素的含量和贮量 .结果表明 ,各树种枝叶中的B含量不足 ,Mn的含量则远高于正常值 ,其他元素及根中各元素含量正常 .各微量元素在树叶和小枝中的含量顺序是Mn >Fe >Zn >B >Cu >Mo,在根中的含量顺序是Fe >Mn >Zn >Cu >B >Mo.火炬松对微量元素的吸收能力强于其他树种 .枯落物中微量元素含量顺序为阔叶林 >杉木林 >火炬松林 >马尾松林 ;总贮量顺序为马尾松林 >火炬松林 >青冈栎林 >杉木林     

不同垫料组成对猪用发酵床细菌群落的影响

为了解垫料基质中细菌的群落结构多样性,应用PCR-DGGE技术对发酵床7种不同垫料(锯木屑、稻壳、酒糟、菌糠、醋糟、稻草、稻壳炭)的细菌群落结构进行了研究,根据DGGE指纹图谱,对它们的细菌群落多样性和优势条带进行了分析。结果表明,垫料样品的细菌多样性指数、丰富度均有所不同,酒糟垫料组细菌多样性指数最高,稻草垫料组细菌多样性指数最低。全锯木屑与50%稻壳相似性较高而聚为一类,与50%菌糠次之,与50%稻草的相似性最低。在垫料基质中检测到的菌群主要是节杆菌属(Arthrobacter sp.)、Amaricoccu sp.、马杜拉放线菌属(Actinomadura sp.)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillales sp.)、梭菌属(Clostridium sp.)、肠杆菌属(Escherichia sp.)、细杆菌属(Microbacterium sp.)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)、红球菌属(Rhodococcus sp.)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus sp.),以及一些未知的菌群。垫料组成是影响发酵床垫料微生物构成的重要因素,稻壳、菌糠作为垫料可部分替代锯木屑,而对发酵床垫料的微生物区系影响较小。     

承德市第三乡林场不同林分类型枯落物和土壤的持水特性

[目的]探究林分枯落物和土壤的水文效应,科学选择持水性能更好的林分类型。[方法]以河北省承德市围场县第三乡林场中落叶松纯林(Ⅰ)、落叶松—白桦—山杨针阔混交林(Ⅱ)、白桦—山杨阔叶混交林(Ⅲ)为研究对象,采用室内浸水法、环刀法以及室内烘干等方法对枯落物和土壤持水特性进行研究。[结果]枯落物总储量:Ⅰ(26.58t/hm2)Ⅱ(25.01t/hm2)Ⅲ(21.55t/hm2)。枯落物最大持水量:Ⅲ(56.88t/hm2)Ⅱ(56.24t/hm2)Ⅰ(51.91t/hm2)。枯落物持水量随浸水时间变化呈对数函数变化趋势。枯落物吸水速率随浸水时间变化呈幂函数变化趋势。枯落物有效拦蓄量:Ⅱ(46.22t/hm2)Ⅲ(43.90t/hm2)Ⅰ(43.36t/hm2)。土壤容重:Ⅰ(1.13g/cm3)Ⅱ(1.12g/cm3)Ⅲ(0.99g/cm3)。土壤总孔隙度:Ⅲ(51.89%)Ⅱ(49.13%)Ⅰ(41.38%)。土壤最大持水量:Ⅲ(1037.80t/hm2)Ⅱ(982.50t/hm2)Ⅰ(827.53t/hm2)。[结论]通过多方面比较3种林分类型枯落物和土壤持水性能,可知Ⅲ持水能力最好,Ⅱ稍弱,Ⅰ最差。     

施肥和凋落物添加对杉木人工林土壤养分和土壤微生物特性的影响

为解决杉木人工林土壤质量下降、地力衰退问题,以赣中南杉木人工林为研究对象,采用分解袋法,设置不同施肥处理与树种凋落物组合添加处理,研究其对土壤养分与土壤微生物特性的影响.结果显示,与不施肥对照处理相比,施用氮磷混合肥后杉木林土壤碱解氮和速效磷含量分别增加了10.7％和36.7％,且显著高于施加单一肥料处理.与不添加凋落...     

宁夏六盘山落叶森林凋落与枯落物分布及持水特性的研究

本文通过对宁夏六盘山不同森林类型的凋落动态与林下枯落物层的厚度、贮量及其持水特性的研究,揭示了该区不同森林类型林下枯落物层在不同时期的水文生态功能。结果表明:不同森林类型在生长季末期的凋落都具有明显的周期性规律,凋落比率随时间变化的规律一致,凋落从8月下旬开始,红桦与椴树混交林的凋落在10月中旬结束,华北落叶松纯林和白桦与糙皮桦混交林的凋落在10月下旬结束,而辽东栎纯林的凋落会持续到次年;林下枯落物层的厚度在2.0 cm~6.0 cm之间,贮量在10.72 t/hm2~28.73 t/hm2之间;除华北落叶松林林地枯落物在浸泡6h时达到最大持水量外,其余3种落叶阔叶林林地的枯落物各层次均在浸泡3h时就达到最大持水量;枯落物未分解层的最大持水率在2.81~4.47之间,半分解层的最大持水率在3.80~4.32之间。经分析拟合,得到枯落物未分解层与半分解层持水量、持水速率与浸泡时间之间的关系分别为Q=ktn和S=ktn。     

重庆缙云山林地枯落物及土壤水文效应研究

 为了解中亚亚热带常绿阔叶林地的土壤状况,以重庆缙云山4种林分为研究对象,通过标准地调查、土壤物理性质及持水能力测定和入渗实验,对林地枯落物和土壤水分效应进行研究。结果表明:1)缙云山林地土壤具有较强的持水能力,1m深土壤持水能力为9.5013.17 mm。2)枯落物蓄积量为16.21～32.42t/hm2,枯落物持水率为针阔混交林>灌木林>常绿阔叶林>楠竹林,持水量为灌木林>针阔混交林>常绿阔叶林>楠竹林。3)菲利浦模型较好地反映研究地区不同类型林地土壤入渗过程。     

Root diseases, weeds, and nematodes with poultry litter and conservation tillage in a sweet corn–snap bean double crop

The effect of continuous applications of poultry litter on root diseases, nematodes, and weeds with different tillage practices in vegetable production in Georgia was investigated. Litter treatments (noncomposted and composted broiler or breeder litter) applied 3–5 weeks before planting were compared with no litter. In sweet corn and snap bean there were differences among years, and tillage and litter treatments had a variable effect on yield, post-emergence damping-off and plant stand. Crown and brace root rot in corn induced by Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-2 increased after 3 years conservation tillage, but there were no differences among litter treatments. Population densities of R. solani AG-4 were increased by conservation tillage before planting snap bean the first year but not in later years, while litter treatments had no effect. After 3 years, populations of Pythium spp., Fusarium solani, and Fusarium spp. did not differ among treatments, but noncomposted broiler litter increased populations of saprophytic fungi in soil compared with no litter. Population densities of stylet-bearing nematodes were low and usually not different among treatments. After 3 years of sweet corn populations of Meloidogyne incognita increased with conventional tillage compared with conservation tillage, populations of Paratrichodorus christiei were reduced by litter treatments and populations of Helicotylenchus dihystera were reduced by noncomposted broiler litter compared with no litter. Weed infestation increased in both tillage systems with time, but in snap bean there was a greater infestation in conservation tillage than in conventional tillage. Litter treatments had little effect on weed infestation.