秸秆还田的土壤酶效应初探

【目的】研究不同秸秆还田模式对土壤有机碳含量及酶活性的影响,探讨秸秆还田适宜模式。【方法】试验地位于陕西关中平原的三原县,在小麦-夏玉米一年二熟轮作模式下,采用田间试验,进行2因素3水平试验设计,分别设置小麦、玉米秸秆还田2个因素,每个因素下设3个水平(小麦秸秆还田:小麦秸秆高留茬覆盖还田模式、小麦秸秆粉碎还田模式和小麦秸秆不还田模式;玉米秸秆还田:玉米秸秆粉碎还田模式、玉米秸秆粉碎深松还田模式和玉米秸秆不还田模式),共组成9种模式,分析不同秸秆还田模式下5~30和30~60cm土层土壤有机碳、易氧化碳含量及β-葡萄糖苷酶、FDA水解酶、蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶、碱性磷酸酶、脱氢酶活性和总体酶活性(TEI)的变化特征。【结果】与对照(玉米秸秆不还田+小麦秸秆不还田)相比,8种秸秆还田模式有机碳、易氧化碳含量均明显增加,其中小麦秸秆不还田+玉米秸秆粉碎还田模式5~30cm土层土壤有机碳含量增幅最大,达到34.72%;小麦秸秆粉碎还田+玉米秸秆不还田模式5~30cm土层土壤易氧化碳含量增幅最大,达到27.02%。与对照相比,秸秆还田模式总体上提高了5~60cm土层β-葡萄糖苷酶、FDA水解酶、蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶、碱性磷酸酶和脱氢酶6种酶的活性,除脱氢酶外差异均达到了显著水平;在5~60cm土层,所有秸秆还田模式TEI均高于对照,总体上差异达显著水平,其中小麦秸秆不还田+玉米秸秆粉碎还田模式5~30cm土层TEI增幅最大,达到40.23%。土壤FDA水解酶、蔗糖酶和TEI可在一定程度上用于表征秸秆还田模式的优劣。【结论】综合考虑可知,小麦秸秆不还田+玉米秸秆粉碎还田模式是陕西关中地区适宜的秸秆还田模式。     

川西亚高山岷江冷杉林土壤生物肥力特征研究

【目的】以川西亚高山岷江冷杉林为研究对象,研究该区表层土壤微生物种群数量、酶活性以及与之相关的土壤养分季节动态等土壤生物肥力特征。【方法】在川西亚高山岷江冷杉林中设置样地,2011-08中旬在样地上、中、下坡位放置分解袋,分别于2011年9月、11月和2012年3月、5月、7月中旬随机取回部分分解袋,测定其中土壤养分、微生物数量和酶活性,并进行相关分析和主成分分析。【结果】林地土壤微生物数量、酶活性和养分含量季节差异显著,在3种微生物中以细菌数量最多;细菌和真菌数量,蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性,有机质、全氮、全钾、全磷、速效氮和有效磷含量7月最高,放线菌数量、脲酶活性9月最高。相关分析表明,细菌数量与全钾、有机质、全磷、速效氮、有效磷含量呈显著正相关,真菌数量与有机质、全氮、速效钾含量呈显著正相关,放线菌数量与全磷、速效氮、有效磷含量呈显著正相关,脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性与有机质、全氮、全钾、速效氮、速效钾含量呈显著正相关;主成分分析表明,第1主成分贡献率为49.766%,主要综合了蔗糖酶、全钾、全磷、真菌的信息。【结论】川西亚高山岷江冷杉林土壤微生物数量、酶活性及土壤养分三者之间相互影响,共同反映土壤生物肥力特征。     

家蚕肠液蛋白酶消化生理参数的研究

家蚕肠液蛋白酶对家蚕消化吸收蛋白质及其生长发育有着十分重要的作用。为探明影响家蚕肠道蛋白酶活力的因素,从家蚕肠道内容物中分离出蛋白酶酶液,在不同温度、pH及金属离子处理条件下,用福林-酚法测定酶活力变化情况,确定家蚕肠液蛋白酶的最适作用条件,同时研究了家蚕中肠蛋白酶活力随龄期增长的变化规律。结果表明,在35℃、pH10.0左右条件下蛋白酶活力最大,低浓度Mn2+、Fe2+、Cu2+对酶活有抑制作用,高浓度Ca2+对酶有抑制作用,Mg2+浓度对酶活物影响不明显,家蚕中肠蛋白酶活力随龄期增长而增强。     

Spatial–temporal variations in biosonar activity of Yangtze finless porpoise in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and its correlation with underwater noise: Are quieter non-shipping branches the remaining shelters?

1. Yangtze finless porpoise (YFP) is Critically Endangered, It relies on its biological sonar sensing system for important life activities. The rapid development of the Yangtze valley has brought busy shipping, which has resulted in increased noise.
2. Two locations on the shipping channel and non-shipping branch were selected. Passive acoustic monitoring was used to record the biosonar signals of porpoises and underwater noise. The number of click trains, echolocation encounters, buzzes and buzz ratios were counted and the root mean square sound pressure level of noise was calculated in five diel phases.
3. A non-parametric test was used to analyse the differences among different phases and between different locations. The aim of the study was to detect the spatial and temporal variations in the biosonar activity of YFPs and underwater noise between non-shipping and shipping channels, and to provide scientific advice for YFP conservation.
4. Significant spatial and temporal patterns were observed both in biosonar activity and noise. Average biosonar activity, including click trains, buzzes, buzz ratio and echolocation encounters, was higher in the non-shipping channel than in the shipping channel, whereas the noise level was higher in the shipping channel than in the non-shipping channel.
5. In the non-shipping channel, the buzz numbers and buzz ratios, indicators of porpoise feeding activity, were higher at night than during the day while the noise level was higher during the day than at night.
6. These findings may be associated with the noise avoidance strategies of YFPs to adapt to the busy shipping on the Yangtze River. Maintaining the non-shipping status of some branches of the Yangtze River can provide more shelters for the YFPs. Strengthening the measures for banning navigation at night or reducing the vessel speed at night throughout the entire year would improve the YFPs’ feeding success.

     

水产食品特定腐败菌与货架期的预测和延长

Fresh fish and lightly preserved fish products are welcome by the global market, however, they are also among the most perishable food products. The research on specific spoilage organisms (SSO) reveals the spoilage process of aquatic product. This paper reviews the current knowledge (past ten years) on SSO of fresh fish and lightly preserved fish products with particular emphasis on characteristics of SSO and how to apply this concept to determine, predict and extend the shelf life of aquatic product. During storage, the microflora changes owing to different abilities of the microorganisms to tolerate the preservation conditions. SSO is defined as special microorganisms which can increase rapidly during preservation and has the ability to produce off- odours and off- flavours associated with spoilage, and spoilage metabolites. Identification of an SSO relies on comparison of the sensory and chemical characteristics of spoiled product with those of isolates from the spoilage microflora. Generally, the SSO of fresh fish may be a single species or genus, but the ones of lightly preserved fish products will be more complex. One exciting area for use of SSO aims to obtain quantitative knowledge about probable behavior of SSO and their function during the progression of spoilage. Thus mathematical models on the growth of SSO are established to evaluate the quality lost degree of product, which provide a sound information for the rational development of devices to monitor loss of products shelf life. Models for the growth of Pseudomonas spp, S. putrefaciens, P. phosphoreum have been established, and validated for shelf life prediction of seafood successfully. Another application field of SSO intends to develop the techniques to prolong the shelf life of food products by inhibiting SSO targetedly. Targeted inhibition of spoilage bacteria during preservation reduces their growth and results in a significant extension of shelf life in despite of the activity of non - spoilage organisms has not been influenced. Such techniques have been applied in perversion field of fresh fish and lightly preserved fish.     

温度和pH值对乐清养殖泥蚶蛋白酶的影响

应用分光光度计比色法测定了pH值和温度对乐清养殖泥蚶蛋白酶活性的影响。结果表明：乐清养殖泥蚶蛋白酶的最适pH值为2.6和5．8，最适温度为40℃。     

Osmoregulation in juvenile Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii)

The osmoregulation capabilities of juvenile Siberian sturgeon exposed to three experimental osmolalities (22, 250 and 387 mOsmol kg⁻¹) were studied over a 45-day period. Growth performance, haematological parameters, ion concentrations, gill and spiral valve Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activities, as well as gill and spiral valve histology, were measured. At the end of the period, the plasma osmolality of fish kept in 250 and 387 mOsmol kg⁻¹ was higher than that of fish kept in 22 mOsmol kg⁻¹. Similar trends were observed in electrolyte concentrations. Spiral valve and gill Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity varied with exposure time and environmental salinity. Shortly after being transferred to hyperosmotic media, spiral valve Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity fell, while gill Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity remained constant. At the end of the experiment, gill Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activities in fish kept in isosmotic and hyperosmotic media had increased in comparison to those of the control fish. Moreover, spiral valve Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activities recovered and were similar to those recorded in fish kept in hyposmotic environments. Although some of the morpho-physiological mechanisms were operational in juvenile Siberian sturgeon in their adaptation to hyperosmotic media, fish cannot be considered hyperosmotic regulators as they were unable to maintain their plasma osmolality and electrolyte equilibrium in salinities higher than 250 mOsmol kg⁻¹. This suggests that the culture of juvenile Siberian sturgeon in brackish environments is unlikely to be successful. However, our data indicate that in natural environments, juvenile Siberian sturgeon in migratory populations (Ob and Lena Rivers) would be able to migrate successfully into estuarine brackish grounds with a salinity of up to 9%. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

葡萄糖基质对光合细菌光合产氢过程中菌体活性的影响

研究光合细菌产氢过程中菌体活性的变化及产氢基质对菌体活性的影响对于揭示光合细菌光合产氢本质,提高光合细菌产氢效率具有重要意义。该文以光合细菌为研究对象,以葡萄糖为产氢基质,研究了产氢基质对光合细菌的生长及产氢活性的影响,分析了产氢过程中菌体生长活性下降的原因,并探讨了产氢基质添加浓度对光合细菌吸收光谱的影响。结果发现,光合细菌利用葡萄糖产氢过程中存在着代谢产酸过程,产生的代谢酸引起菌液的酸化,细胞生长受到酸性条件抑制,菌体活性下降。当底物葡萄糖浓度低于3 mmol/L时,光合细菌不产氢,但菌体吸收光谱特征     

纤维素降解真菌A25-2的分离、鉴定及其产纤维素酶的酶学特性

本研究以Avicel-刚果红选择培养基为初筛培养基,从云南哀牢山国家级自然保护区和广西猫儿山国家级自然保护区的土壤样品中分离筛选得到4200株真菌,从中筛选出透明圈与菌落直径比较大、透明程度较为清晰的12个菌株。通过液体培养发酵,测定其上清液中的羧甲基纤维素酶活力、滤纸酶活力和Avicel酶活力,最终筛选出一株产该三种酶且其活力均最高的真菌菌株A25-2。通过对菌株A25-2形态学观察和其内转录间隔区（internal transcribed spacer,ITS）序列同源性比对分析,将菌株A25-2鉴定为哈茨木霉（Hypocrea lixii）。酶活测定结果表明菌株A25-2产纤维素酶的酶活力较高,在最适作用pH4.5和最适作用温度55℃下,其羧甲基纤维素酶活力为2.26IU/mL,滤纸酶活力为0.58IU/mL,Avicel酶活力为0.39IU/mL。薄层层析实验表明A25-2具有完整的纤维素酶系统。因此,真菌A25-2可作为饲料加工等生产和纤维素酶相关研究的备选菌株。