肉糜类制品质地的感官评定方法

为了提高肉糜类制品质地感官评定的准确性,采用强制定义和间接反映质地特性的方法制订适合肉糜类制品质地感官评定标准,通过大量试验得到了代表肉糜类制品硬度、脆性和黏着性的不同梯度的参照样品,确立了直观反映弹性的对折程度、表征咀嚼性的咀嚼次数以及形象描述内聚性的方法。以火腿肠为试验材料,利用相关性分析和判别分析验证所建立的质地感官评分标准在感官评定时的准确度。结果表明:硬度、脆性、黏着性、弹咀嚼性和内聚性的感官评分与质构值间的相关系数分别为0.981、0.990、0.938、0.855、0.835和0.534(P<0.01),对火腿肠等级的判别正确率为100%。所建立的感官评定标准能很好的区分肉糜类制品的质地特性。     

Retention of native vegetation within the plantation matrix improves its conservation value for a generalist woodpecker

The suitability of plantation monocultures for the conservation of forest animals is an issue under continous debate. The adaptability of forest dwellers and the forest management regime seem to play key roles. In this study, I investigated the habitat selection of a generalist bird, the great spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos major), within a pine (Pine spp.) monoculture, as well as the importance of the native habitat features within the pine matrix for the species’ conservation. I compared 52 plots with woodpecker presence against 121 plots where the species was absent, as well as 68 nest-trees against 90 random ones. Regression analyses were used to investigate the habitat attributes involved in the habitat selection. Although the great spotted woodpecker is considered a generalist forest dweller, it shows a marked habitat selection. Based on presence/absence records, the woodpecker prefers well-forested patches with high levels of tree diversity and with good coverage of a secondary species such as the strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo). To excavate their nests, woodpeckers select large trees in patches where other trees are also larger, rejecting patches with a high number of small trees. The most striking conclusion from this work is the preference shown for native trees, especially Portuguese oaks (Quercus faginea), as nest-trees. This is noteworthy because native trees are smaller and they are surrounded by smaller trees than pines. These findings support that woodpecker conservation benefits from an increase of habitat heterogeneity, particularly by the retention of native woodland patches within the plantation matrix.     

基于NAPA软件的渔业船舶完整稳性分析

为验证NAPA软件在渔业船舶应用上的可行性和采用船舶静力学原理计算完整稳性的精确性,根据南海海域49.5 m金枪鱼延绳钓船的特定作业工况,分别采用NAPA软件和表格进行计算。计算结果表明,两种计算方法的偏差在2%左右,能够满足工程应用的精度要求。对气象衡准计算,分别采用了渔业船舶规则和国际海事组织(IMO)规则,由于算法不同,其偏差较大。通过比较发现,渔业船舶规则对气象衡准的要求高于IMO规则的要求。在没有条件使用大型船舶计算软件,且船舶处于平浮状态时,采用船舶静力学原理的计算结果是精确的。采用了船舶静力学原理并建立了NAPA计算模型,通过实例计算表明,NAPA软件具有在渔业船舶应用上的可行性和采用船舶静力学原理计算完整稳性的精确性,该结论可为船舶设计人员选取不同计算方法时提供参考依据。     

西部生态脆弱区典型县域农用地质量等别对比研究

以云南陆良、重庆丰都、陕西凤翔、新疆阿勒泰以及内蒙古达拉特为例,基于农用地分等成果,对五县农用地质量等别特征及其差异状况进行了对比研究,在此基础上,探讨了五县国家级自然质量等别、利用等别及经济等别与县域内标准耕作制度、农用地结构、土壤条件及灌排条件的相关关系,查明了农用地质量等别限制因素。结果表明:以上述五县为代表的西部地区农用地等别总体偏低,农用地多为中等地和低等地,高等地分布较少,优等地无分布;五县之间等别差异较明显,农用地质量从优至劣大致顺序为陕西凤翔、云南陆良、重庆丰都、新疆阿勒泰、内蒙古达拉特;五县国家级农用地等别与标准耕作制度、土壤条件以及灌排条件密切相关,应根据不同生态脆弱类型区的主导限制因素,制定相应的农用地质量提升策略。     

低碳园林的特征及评价研究

城市园林绿地是建设低碳城市的重要载体之一,在建设低碳城市中发挥着重要作用,建设低碳园林是今后城市园林绿化发展的方向。在对低碳园林概念、特征分析的基础上,从节能减排的要求出发,探讨低碳园林评价的指标及其标准,以期为低碳园林的建设和管理提供科学依据,促进低碳园林的发展。     

盆栽绿萝生产技术规程

盆栽绿萝是室内重要的观叶植物之一,由于其具有较强的耐荫性、广泛的应用性而深受人们喜爱.通过生产调查和试验,总结出盆栽绿萝生产中各个环节主要技术,包括栽培条件、繁殖方式和栽培管理等,为盆栽绿萝标准化生产提供借鉴参考.     

Improving Soil Fertility to Support Grass–Legume Revegetation on Lignite Mine Spoils

The short-term sequential effects of different treatments on soil fertility and revegetation of mine spoils were examined in a lignite mine in northwestern Spain. Experimental plots were established both on old and recent spoils after tillage and treated with compost or nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), + magnesium limestone before seeding with a grass–legume species mixture. Compost improved plant production and, contrary to NPK, maintained soil N levels and supplied enough P for the establishment and early growth of the vegetation. Severe magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and K limitations in recent spoils were only alleviated by compost + magnesium limestone, allowing the rapid growth and coating of the soil surface. The amendment based on NPK + magnesium limestone improved plant production in the short term but caused proliferation of weeds. Results suggest that revegetation in combination with the appropriate amendments is a key issue for the reclamation of lignite mine spoils.     

液压限位缓冲结构在汽车减振器上的应用

在分析普通双筒式减振器结构和工作原理基础上,提出一种加装双活塞液压限位缓冲器的汽车减振器,并对其工作机理进行分析;建立了具有液压限位缓冲结构的汽车减振器等效液压系统模型,对其阻尼特性进行分析.分析结果表明：在汽车减振器内部加装液压限位缓冲结构,可以产生附加阻尼力,使减振器具有更好的减振功能,有效地提高汽车恶劣行驶工况下的平顺性.     

基于时序模拟的配电系统可靠性评估不确定性研究

基于时序模拟的配电系统可靠性评估中,采用状态持续时间抽样,各元件的状态时间段是随机产生的,属于不确定性问题。求解不确定性问题的可靠性指标的收敛判据不同于常规数值迭代算法,需要运用概率知识描述。针对配电系统的随机时序模拟问题,研究了独立事件的选取,提出了以随机初始种子,相同循环次数作为广义独立事件;分析了在给定置信概率下总体均值的置信区间,其置信区间长度与样本均值的绝对误差有关,从而得出置信区间长度与给定计算精度的不等关系式,提出了以绝对误差作为计算精度的实用收敛判据。通过对RTBS测试系统的分析验证了该方法的合理性与有效性。     

基于时序模拟的配电系统可靠性评估收敛判据

基于时序模拟的配电系统可靠性评估中,由于抽样的随机性导致求解结果的不确定性,为此,求解过程需要运用概率知识描述,可靠性指标的收敛判据也不同于常规数值迭代算法.针对配电系统的时序模拟的不确定性问题,研究了独立事件的选取,构造了独立广义事件;分析了在给定置信概率下总体均值的置信区间,得出置信区间长度与样本均值的绝对误差相关的结论,进而提出了用绝对误差描述的实用收敛判据,并且给出该置信概率下置信区间长度与给定计算精度的不等关系式.通过对RTBS测试系统的实例分析,验证了该方法的合理性与有效性.