重要观赏植物花发育的分子机理

花是观赏植物重要的经济器官,控制花发育的基因包括花序分生组织特性基因、花分生组织特性基因、花器官特性(同源异型)基因等。全面回顾了观赏植物花发育基因调控的分子机理,重点介绍了花器官发育的ABCDE模型和四因子模型,以及月季、百合等重要观赏植物的花器官特性基因。从基因资源和观赏性状等方面,提出了观赏植物花期花型分子育种的策略,为进一步探索观赏植物花发育的分子机理,定向控制观赏植物的花期花型奠定了基础。     

百合离体抗盐变异体的筛选及生理特性研究

用甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)对百合离体叶片进行了处理。结果表明,随着处理浓度和处理时间的增加,叶片的分化率和存活率均下降,并筛选出其半致死浓度(0.6%)和处理时间(3 h)。利用筛选的EMS浓度和处理时间对离体叶片进行处理,在1%盐浓度胁迫下进行抗盐性突变体筛选,得到抗盐性诱变植株。经鉴定,其超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性增强,丙二醛(MDA)含量减少,细胞膜透性减小,可溶性蛋白含量增加,表明筛选的百合突变体比对照具有更强的抗盐性。     

百合远缘杂交的胚囊和胚胎发育及胚拯救

采用石蜡切片和子房切片培养方法,对百合杂交组合‘多安娜’ב西伯利亚’和‘普瑞头’ב雪皇后’授粉前后胚囊(胚胎)发育以及胚拯救效果进行了研究。结果表明:‘多安娜’子房内成熟胚囊高峰期滞后于‘普瑞头’3 d左右,而开花后8、10 d时其保持成熟胚囊的比例高于后者。两杂交组合的双受精作用开始于授粉后10 d左右,较亚洲百合自交亲和组合晚,且均存在不同程度的受精后障碍。子房切片培养和胚珠培养仅使‘多安娜’ב西伯利亚’组合获得幼苗。授粉70 d后,两杂交组合都收获少量成熟种子,并经MS培养基培养30 d后萌发成苗。     

麝香百合组培快繁技术初步研究

采用随机区组试验方法，以MS为基本培养基，对百合叶片进行了不同浓度的NAA和6－BA处理试验，探讨生长激素对百合成苗和增殖的作用，结果表明，以NAA0．1mg/L处理的成苗率和结鳞率最高，小苗长势最好；以6－BA2．0mg/L NAA0.2mg/L处理的增殖系数最高。     

不同基质对切花百合生长及种球的影响

为筛选最适宜切花百合栽培的基质,选择切花百合品种"西伯利亚"作为指示品种,利用7种基本基质,组合成28个不同基质的处理进行盆栽试验,结果表明:珍珠岩、蛭石、草炭和蛭石(1∶1)、草炭和珍珠岩(1∶1)4种基质适合百合切花生产栽培;草炭、森林土、珍珠岩、蛭石、草炭与蛭石(1∶1)、草炭与珍珠岩(1∶1)、蛭石与珍珠岩(1∶1)、细砂与草炭(1∶1和1∶2)基质适合切花百合种球的生长。基质的pH值和通透性是基质筛选中应首先考虑的因子,要求基质有良好的通透性,pH值5.4左右。     

60Co-γ射线对睡莲生物学效应的影响

为探究辐射对睡莲的生物学效应,对2个睡莲品种弗吉尼亚(Nymphaea Virginia)和奥毛斯特(N.Almost black)的块茎进行不同剂量的⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐射处理。结果表明,2个睡莲品种的存活率均随辐射剂量的增加而下降,半致死剂量分别为24.342和27.671 Gy。5~10 Gy 剂量⁶⁰Co-γ辐射处理使睡莲叶面积和浮叶数显著增加,20~40 Gy剂量⁶⁰Co-γ辐射处理使叶面积和浮叶数显著减少。2个睡莲品种的开花时间均随辐射剂量的增加而延迟,但整个花期长度无显著变化。10~40 Gy剂量⁶⁰Co-γ辐射处理显著降低了睡莲花径,但对睡莲开花率无显著影响。辐射处理导致2个睡莲品种的叶片均出现红棕色斑块、锯齿、皱缩、小孔、卷曲、黄化等变异,且红棕色斑块的面积随着辐射剂量的增加而增大。辐射处理使黑红色花品种奥毛斯特出现普遍的褪色现象,而白色花品种弗吉尼亚的花色未发生变异。此外,经⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐射处理后2个睡莲品种均出现了花型变异的现象。本研究结果为利用辐射诱变技术选育睡莲新品种奠定了基础。     

东方百合高效离体再生体系的建立

采用东方百合鳞片叶切块为初始外植体,以从初始外植体上分化的丛生芽切段为次级外植体的两步外植体法,成功建立了东方百合的离体再生体系。研究了不同的2,4-D浓度及次级外植体的不同部位对愈伤组织诱导效果的影响,并确定了G418选择的临界浓度。结果表明:不同部位的次级外植体中,以短缩茎切片出愈率高、出愈快、愈伤组织致密;以MS附加2.0 mg/L 2,4-D和0.1 mg/L BA的培养基最适于东方百合愈伤组织的诱导;G418选择的临界浓度为50 mg/L。一个中等大小已脱春化的鳞茎通过愈伤组织再分化植株一代就能扩繁出27 000株左右的新植株,从鳞片叶开始至开花需9个月。     

百合枯萎病发生规律及防治研究

百合枯萎病是甘肃省百合产区近年来新发生的一种重要病害。研究证明,百合枯萎病系由尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht.)、串珠镰刀菌(F.moniliform Sheldon)和茄病镰刀菌[F.solani(Mart.)Sacc.]侵染所致。病菌以菌丝体在种球内,或以菌丝体、厚垣袍子及菌核随病残体在土壤中越冬,成为翌年的主要初侵染源。病害的发生与连作、线虫、栽培技术及气候因素等密切相关。多菌灵对此病有显著防治效果。     

庆阳地区黄花菜越冬覆盖水热效应研究

在西峰设置田间黄花菜越冬期地膜覆盖和玉米秸秆覆盖小区试验,观察越冬期土壤水分损耗、早春地温变化特征,并分析不同覆盖材料水、热资源对黄花菜发育期、生长量、产量构成要素的影响。结果发现:在秋季降水充沛、土壤底墒充足、冬季气温偏高、降水明显偏少的年型,越冬地膜覆盖能最大限度保持土壤水库蓄水,增加土壤水分利用率;提高春季地温,促使黄花菜生长发育进程加快,生长势旺盛,并在一定程度上降低春旱造成的危害,对增产增收十分有利。     

Growth and development of Lilium longiflorum ‘Nellie White’ during bulb production under controlled environments : II. Effects of shifting day/night temperature regimes on scale bulblets

One-year old scale bulblets of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. ‘Nellie White’ (Easter lily) were grown for 107 days during growth period 1 (GP-1) in six growth chambers under constant day/night temperature regimes of 30/26, 26/22, 22/18, 18/14, 14/10 and 10/6 °C. Subsequently, half of the plants in each temperature regime were transferred to 18/14 °C and the other half continued at the six constant temperature regimes. Both groups of plants were grown for an additional 89 days in growth period 2 (GP-2). Continuous temperatures of 26/22, 26/22–22/18 and 26/22–18/14 °C produced the greatest increase in basal bulb fresh weight (the main planted bulb), basal bulb circumference and stem bulb fresh weight, respectively. However, shifting these optimal temperatures to 18/14 °C during GP-2 resulted in a lower increase in basal bulb fresh weight and circumference. The optimum range for stem bulb production was expanded to 30/26–14/10 °C by shifting to 18/14 °C. The greatest increase for basal root growth occurred at 14/10–10/6 °C and for stem root growth at 14/10 °C. The temperature shift did not affect either root type. Maximum increase for stem length was at 26/22 and 22/18 °C and for stem plus leaf weight at 14/10 °C under constant temperature regimes. Transferring the plants from 10/6 to 18/14 °C resulted in the greatest increase in stem length and from 10/6 and 14/10 to 18/14 °C in the greatest increase in stem plus leaf weight. The greatest increase in the number of leaves occurred at 26/22 and 10/6 °C, but this growth parameter was unaffected by shifting to 18/14 °C, indicating that leaf number was determined in GP-1. Bulbils developed only when bulbs at high GP-1 temperature regimes (30/26 and 26/22 °C) were transferred to 18/14 °C during GP-2. Lower temperatures tended to favor an increase in flower bud production under continuous temperature regimes, while shifting to 18/14 °C increased flower bud production after initially high and low temperatures. Meristem abortion was greatest at 30/26 °C followed by 26/22 °C, but was not affected by temperature shifts in GP- 2. Thus, it is concluded that the abortion was induced or initiated during GP-1.