Improved control of lettuce drop caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum using Contans combined with lignin or a reduced fungicide application

The use of Contans (Coniothyrium minitans) in Belgian commercial lettuce greenhouses has so far not always fulfilled the expectations of growers. With the aim of improving the efficacy of control of lettuce drop (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), Contans applied alone and Contans combined with Radix (Trichoderma asperellum and Trichoderma gamsii), Kraft pine lignin and Rovral was compared in three successive lettuce crops in a naturally infested greenhouse. At harvest of each crop, the effect on disease incidence, and the effect on viability and fungal infection of sclerotia buried prior to each crop was evaluated. Contans applied alone negatively affected the sclerotial viability, but did not reduce lettuce drop symptoms. The combination of Contans with Kraft pine lignin, on the other hand, reduced sclerotial viability and lettuce drop compared with the untreated control in the last crop. Furthermore, when Contans was combined with Kraft pine lignin, a higher number of infected sclerotia was observed compared with Contans applied alone. When Radix was added to the combination, there was no extra benefit for the control of lettuce drop. The combination of one Rovral application and Contans resulted in a significant control of lettuce drop together with a negative effect on sclerotial survival. Two Rovral applications, by contrast, reduced the ability of C. minitans to parasitize and kill the sclerotia. To conclude, integration of Contans with a reduced Rovral application and with Kraft pine lignin has potential to improve the control of lettuce drop in commercial greenhouses.     

高沸醇溶剂法提取花生壳中木质素的研究

采用1，4-丁二醇为溶剂，在70％～90％的1，4-丁二醇水溶液中添加少量助剂，在180～220℃条件下蒸煮30～90min，从花生壳中制得木质素。采用高沸醇溶剂法提取的木质素(简称HBS木质素)不溶于水，可以通过加水沉淀的方法，与反应后的液体混合物中分离。HBS木质素具有较高的反应活性，通过进一步的改性，还有更多潜在的应用价值。高沸醇溶剂(简称HBS)通过回收处理可以循环使用。     

Effect of environmental C/N ratio on activities of lignin-degrading enzymes produced by Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Lignin-degrading enzymes secreted by white rot fungi play an important role in the degradation of lignin and persistent organic pollutants(POPs).In this study,effect of environmental C/N ratio on the activities of lignin-degrading enzymes,lignin peroxide(Li P)and manganese peroxidase(Mn P),produced by Phanerochaete chrysosporium,a white rot fungus,was investigated.Glucose was used as C source,and ammonium tartrate of different concentrations was used as N source to provide different C/N ratios.Relationships between Li P and Mn P activities and environmental C/N ratio were explored.The results showed that the higher the N source concentration,the faster the mycelium pellets aged.The faster the mycelium dry weight increased,the higher the Li P and Mn P activities.A high C/N ratio was a necessary condition for the secretion of Li P or Mn P.In addition,mycelium dry weight essentially affected enzyme activities.In the 122 C/N ratio and 50 C/N ratio treatments,mycelium dry weight essentially affected Mn P activity and both Li P and Mn P activities,respectively.     

支持向量机结合近红外光谱法测定杉木木质素的含量

采用支持向量机(SVM)结合近红外光谱(NIR)技术建立测定杉木中木质素的定量分析模型。以47个杉木样品作为实验材料,用常规方法测定了样品中木质素的含量,用近红外光谱仪采集相应的光谱,对光谱数据进行平滑、求导、小波压缩以及归一化,结合支持向量机,以径向基(RBF)作为核函数,建立了测定杉木中木质素含量的模型。校正相对误差的平方和为0.007433,预测相对误差的平方和为0.001219。结果表明,该方法测量比较准确,可以用于杉木中木质素含量的预测。     

木质素生物合成途径中关键酶基因的分子特征

本文主要对苯丙氨酸裂解酶（phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL）基因、4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶（4-coumarate-CoA ligase,4CL）基因、肉桂醇脱氢酶（cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase,CAD）基因、过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POX）基因、漆酶（laccase,LAC）基因、dirigent（DIR）蛋白基因等木质素生物合成途径中关键酶基因的克隆、表达、调控等研究进展进行综述,旨在揭示上述木质素生物合成途径中关键酶基因的分子特征,为通过转基因技术来调控植物体中木质素的含量及其化学组成从而得到改良的新植物资源提供思路。     

通过RNAi技术抑制杨树c3h基因表达提高糖转化效率

利用克隆得到的毛白杨c3h1基因构建其RNAi抑制表达载体,通过根癌农杆菌介导的叶盘法转化银腺杨无性系84 K,Realtime PCR检测表明其转基因株系323、325和322中c3h1基因表达量较野生型植株分别下调89.04%、82.22%和68.38%;茎横切片组化染色和显微结构观察表明转基因植株木质部发育和木质素沉积方式发生了改变;木质素、纤维素含量测定及苯酚—硫酸法总糖含量与HPLC法可溶性总糖和单糖含量检测结果表明:转基因植株木质素含量平均降低23.00%,最高可达39.71%;酸前处理效率最高提高了41.39%;未经酸处理直接酶解的糖化效率是对照植株的2.34～2.72倍,322株系和323株系比对照植株经酸前处理后再酶解的糖化效率高出81.18%和375.53%。     

添加木质素降解菌对堆肥中酶活性的影响

以奶牛粪便和稻草为堆腐材料,采用静态好氧堆肥的方式研究接种木质素降解菌对堆肥过程中的温度、pH等理化性质以及木质素降解酶活性动态变化的特征,从生物酶学角度考察人工接入外源菌剂对堆肥的影响。结果表明,接菌后的堆肥处理较CK早2 d进入高温期,并且维持时间多于CK 12 d。发酵前8 d pH值的上升幅度大且高于CK,而且接种处理比对照的C/N提前5 d达到20∶1,提早达到腐熟指标,加快堆肥腐熟化进程。堆肥中酶活分析结果表明,加入菌剂后,β-葡萄糖苷水解酶在堆置第6 d达到第一个峰值14.7μmol,较CK早6 d;羧甲基纤维素钠酶在第12 d达到峰值3 270 U,同比CK高出1 220 U;漆酶酶活峰值高达93.5U,而CK峰值只有82.8 U;锰过氧化物酶进入高温期后酶活最高为75.25 U,CK最高为54.8 U。由此可见,加入微生物菌剂后可使相关酶活性提高并提高堆体温度,加快堆肥腐熟,加速堆料中各种有机质的降解,提高微生物对底物的利用,从而提高好氧堆肥的效率。     

添加木质素和生物炭对土壤氮、磷养分及水分损失的影响

研究添加木质素和生物炭对土壤氮、磷养分及水分损失的影响,降低土壤改良剂使用成本,增加造纸黑液中木质素的利用途径,促进木质素在土壤改良中的应用。试验选取生物炭改良剂与木质素作为对比,通过土柱淋溶和静态吸收法,研究不同添加量(质量分数为0,1%,2%,4%)的木质素和生物炭对土壤氮磷养分、水分、脲酶活性以及pH的影响。土壤中添加木质素和生物炭均能减缓pH变化程度;抑制土壤脲酶的活性,且在添加氮肥后的1～20天抑制效果明显,其抑制效果与添加量呈正相关。添加量为1%,2%,4%的木质素和生物炭与对照组相比,铵态氮挥发量分别显著减少8.29%,14.29%,14.86%和3.79%,11.65%,15.26%;全氮淋溶量分别显著减少32.37%,37.70%,42.49%和25.43%,30.70%,39.54%;全磷淋溶量分别显著减少23.68%,40.48%,48.12%和6.97%,22.88%,35.30%;水分淋溶量分别显著减少7.71%,15.82%,9.29%和9.91%,15.00%,16.06%。在本试验中,木质素、生物炭质量分数分别为2%和4%时对降低土壤氮、磷养分和水分损失的效果最佳。因此,可以说明木质素和生物炭在水肥保持上的效果相近,在一定程度上可以替代生物炭改良剂在土壤中的应用。     

基于木质素部分脱除及其含量对生物质热解特性的影响

该研究采用固定床热解炉,研究不同木质素含量花生壳、核桃壳样品的裂解行为,利用元素分析、工业分析、气相色谱-质谱联用以及气相色谱法对原料和热解产物进行分析,探究木质素与综纤维素在原始交联结构下的交互作用及其对热解产物分布特性影响。研究结果发现,300℃热解条件下,随着木质素含量的增加,样品中固体产率增加,液体产率和气体产率下降。500、700℃热解条件下,固体产率相比300℃有大幅度的下降,且随样品中木质素含量的增加,固体产率无明显变化,液体产率稍微增加,气体产率下降。500℃时,H2产率很低,随样品中木质素含量的增加,CO2含量减少,CH4含量增加,CO含量有稍微的上升。而700℃时,综纤维素的脱氢、缩合、成环会生成大量的H2。同时,木质素能够促进综纤维素分解生成大量左旋葡聚糖,并抑制其分解;而综纤维素抑制木质素单体愈创木基的脱甲氧基反应,促进苯丙烷基的脱烷基反应,形成更多的酚类化合物。该研究对于生物质组分间交互和产物形成特性研究具有积极意义。     

碳氮源对复合木质素降解菌木质素降解能力及相关酶活的影响

白腐真菌所具有的降解木质素能力源于其所产生的酶系统,碳源和氮源是其降解木质素和产酶的一个极为重要的影响因素。通过室内小麦秸秆固态发酵试验,研究了不同的碳、氮源对两株侧耳属真菌Tf1（P.pulmonarius）和JG1（P.cornucopiae）产酶活力、木质素降解和粗蛋白含量的影响。结果表明,Lip和MnP是参与复合木质素降解菌Tf1＋JG1降解小麦秸秆重要的木质素降解酶。以葡萄糖为碳源,酒石酸铵为氮源能显著提高复合木质素降解菌对木质素的降解能力,发酵9 d后小麦秸秆的失重率为14.87%,木质素含量为8.68%,木质素降解率为22.95%;粗蛋白含量为7.28%,比未发酵麦秸提高了36.84%（P〈0.05）;Lip和MnP活力分别为629.11 U.g-1和622.22 U.g-1。