低压用电系统中的漏电保护技术措施

漏电是电气事故发生的重要原因，防止漏电事故发生的重要措施是研究和推广漏电保护技术。为此，探讨了低压用电系统中各种漏电保护技术措施的应用。     

有机肥部分代替无机肥条件下早稻稻田氮素动态变化

为了研究稻田氮素造成面源污染的成因,选出适宜当地水稻种植施肥模式,通过不同种类的农村常用有机肥部分代替无机肥的配比,分析稻田氮素动态变化。结果表明;NH₄⁺-N的损失以地表径流为主,NO₃^--N主要通过渗漏作用造成地下水污染;不合理的有机无机配方肥,也会造成严重的面源污染;不同腐熟程度的有机肥在氮素的损失方式上不同,新鲜猪粪在渗漏作用和地表径流两种氮源损失方面都比较严重,土壤中NO₃^--N平均含量达到13.59 mg/kg,居6个处理最高水平,地表水中全时期NH₄⁺-N总量达到5.65 mg/L,仅低于纯化肥处理。猪粪堆肥地表水中全时期NH₄⁺-N总量达到4.52 mg/L看出,通过地表径流的损失在3种有机肥处理中表现最好,且土壤中NO₃^--N含量平均0.56 mg/kg,因此通过渗漏造成的损失处于6个处理最低水平。沼渣沼液地表水中全时期NH₄⁺-N总量达到4.84 mg/L,土壤中NO₃^--N含量平均为2.87 mg/kg,认为沼渣沼液主要以地表径流的损失方式为主,且通过渗漏造成的氮源损失略低于纯化肥处理。通过实验研究可以发现,猪粪堆肥可作为适宜水稻种植的有机肥。     

Pre-harvest nitrogen and Azoxystrobin application enhances postharvest shelf-life in Butterhead lettuce

Two trials were carried out on Butterhead lettuce (March–May 2008 and April–June 2009) to investigate the effect of the application of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 50 and 100 kg ha⁻¹ of N) and of strobilurin (Azoxystrobin, methyl (E)-2-{2-[6-(2-cyanophenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yloxy]phenyl}-3-methoxyacrylate) on (i) yield and morphological traits at harvest, (ii) physical (weight loss and dry matter), visual (chlorophyll content and main colour indices), physiological (relative water content, osmotic potential, and electrolytic leakage), and nutritional (ascorbic acid, nitrate, and polyphenol content) quality of raw material and their changes after storage of fresh-cut leaves. Cool storage lasted 7 and 12 days in the first and second experiment, respectively. In the first cycle, under early-spring conditions, lettuce yield was lower by 38% and, even if the product was lighter coloured [higher L* (+6%) and lower CHL (−21%)], it had lower dry matter content (−32%), higher electrolyte leakage (EL) (+14%) and WL_Trans (+8%) compared with the raw product from the second cycle. In both years, the increase of N supply and the application of Azoxystrobin improved yield (by 8.5% and 10%, respectively). The response in N fertilization was more evident under early-spring (2008) compared to late-spring (2009) conditions (12.3% vs. 4.8%), and when (2008) the highest N rate interacted with the application of Azoxystrobin (+12.9% compared with the other treatments). The nitrate content in leaves was always reduced by Azoxystrobin application (−43%) and increased with the N supply (+53%). In the second experiment, when storage was prolonged for 12 days, strobilurin improved postharvest shelf-life by reducing chlorophyll degradation (−27%), senescence (−19%, measured as EL), and browning (−53%, measured as h° index decrease). Azoxystrobin lowered also the total polyphenol content of raw material (−12.5%), which can be linked to less browning during storage. During postharvest storage, irrespective to the preharvest dose, N supply kept the visual quality and physiological senescence indices constant (L*, h° and EL). The suitability of the Butterhead lettuce to fresh-cut processing depends on climatic growing conditions. Preharvest Azoxystrobin supply improves the nutritional quality of the raw material, reducing leaf nitrate content, and the shelf-life in prolonged storage. The N rate of 100 kg ha⁻¹ of N is suitable under less favourable growing conditions, while the rate of 50 kg ha⁻¹ is better for more favourable climatic conditions, especially if a moderate contribution in available N from soil organic matter mineralization and no leaching from heavy rains is expected.     

GSM/GPRS Based Leakage Monitoring and Locating System of Tap Water Pipe Network in City Area

On the underground booster and leakage of the city water network pipe,a remote leakage monitoring and locating system based on GSM/GPRS is developed .The parameters of tap water pipe network ,i.e., flow, velocity, direction and pressure are collected by monitor terminal ,the data transmission is realized by GSM/GPRS network .Aiming at the feature of the underground booster and leakage of the water pipe, with the GIS technology and the signal processing methods ,such as negative P wave and flow detecting, accurate and prompt positioning of leakage location can be detected. The system can not only realize the leakage detection of low cost, city area, networking by GPRS network but also provide a emergency platform of tap water pipe network .The system has been used in practical tap water pipe network with excellent results.     

蜂窝密封的水封特性

为研究蜂窝密封的水封泄漏及流动特性,以两平行平板间的蜂窝密封结构为研究对象,数值求解蜂窝密封间隙内流动控制方程和Vreman亚格子紊流模型.采用有限体积方法离散Navier-Stokes方程,扩散项采用二阶中心差分格式,对流项采用二阶迎风差分格式.通过数值求解,得到了不同蜂窝半径和深度下蜂窝结构和与之相对应的梳齿密封结构的水封泄漏流量,分析了蜂窝密封的水封特性和封严机理.计算结果表明:蜂窝结构比传统梳齿结构具有更好的密封性能,蜂窝半径为6 mm,深度为4 mm时泄漏量相对最小,密封效果最佳.同时还发现泄漏量随着进出口压强差的增大而增大,而受板速影响甚微.最后通过对蜂窝内部流动特性分析发现:流体从间隙进入蜂窝空腔后产生了很强的旋涡而耗散部分动能,这种作用对降压节流起到主要作用.     

Cytoplasmic and nuclear genetic components of membrane stability of winter wheat plants exposed to sub‐zero temperatures

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is seeded in the autumn and harvested the following summer, and therefore, must survive multiple episodes of subfreezing temperatures throughout the winter months. Cellular membrane stability following exposure to subfreezing temperatures contributes to the ability to survive these episodes. This study investigated the inheritance of the ability to tolerate subfreezing temperatures with a seven‐parent diallel cross analysis of cellular membrane integrity as measured by electrolyte leakage after exposure to ?10 or ?14 °C. Significant differences in membrane stability were found among the parent lines. The inheritance of the freezing tolerance as measured by electrolyte leakage was complex and characterized by significant additive, dominant and cytoplasmic effects. General combining ability, indicative of additive genetic effects, were significant at both test temperatures, but accounted for 25.5% of the variance at the ?10° C test temperature, and only 4% of the variance at the ?14 °C test temperature. Specific combining ability, indicative of genetic dominance effects, were significant at both test temperatures, but accounted for only 14.6% of the variance at the ?10 °C test temperature, and 38% of the variance at the ?14 °C test temperature. Reciprocal (cytoplasmic) effects were significant and accounted for about 20% of the variance at both test temperatures. Cytoplasmic effects contributing to greater membrane stability were especially apparent in the cultivar Tiber when crossed to Masami, Lewjain, or Hatton. These results suggest that efforts to improve freezing tolerance are complicated by differing gene action at different test temperatures and also may benefit from identifying specific combinations of nuclear and cytoplasm sources that are most conducive to membrane stability following freezing.     

脱水素基因转化的矮牵牛对干旱胁迫的反应

将厚叶旋蒴苣苔脱水素(Dehydrin)基因BDN1置于CaMV35S启动子的调控之下,并插入于表达载体pCAMBIA3300中,通过根癌土壤杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导导入矮牵牛(Vetunia Hybrida),经PCR及Southem杂交表明BDN1已转入矮牵牛基因组中,Northem实验证明,BDN1基因在矮牵牛中在RNA水平有较强的表达。通过对转BDN1基因矮牵牛的保水力和低温离子渗漏的测定,初步验证转基因矮牵牛对水分胁迫的能力在一定程度上有所增加。     

关于农网改造工程两个突出问题的探讨

文章作者为多年网改工作技术管理工作多年,作者针对10KV电缆套管敷设保护管的优化选择和改造后漏电保护器的安装与管理等两个突出问题进行分析,并提出解决措施,以确保电网安全、稳定运行,提高供电质量和供电可靠性.     

半开叶轮离心泵叶顶间隙非定常流动特性研究

为研究半开式离心泵叶顶间隙区域的非定常流动特性,应用SST k-ω两方程模型,对半开式离心泵进行了全流道数值模拟,利用快速傅里叶变换(FFT)将各监测点的时域值转换为频域值,并分析了泄漏涡轨迹与叶片载荷的相关机理以及泄漏涡的频谱特性。结果表明:泄漏涡涡核与叶片骨线的夹角θ随着叶尖载荷的变化发生了周期性脉动;泄漏涡加剧了叶尖处的流动分离,在叶片前缘形成了连接叶片表面与泵壳的涡管;在流量为0. 75Qd时,叶顶前缘间隙处扰动主信号为0. 51fB,该频率与二次泄漏以及叶尖处涡管的非定常脉动特性相关;随着流量减小,扰动信号频率有所波动,叶尖泄漏涡破碎位置向叶片前缘移动。     

汽车空调管路法兰接头的密封性研究

为分析汽车空调管路压板法兰接头在高温环境、低温环境、振动载荷条件下的的密封性能,参照通用汽车空调制冷剂系统连接规范制定试验方案,并利用高低温湿热试验箱、振动试验台对法兰进行实验。结果表明:密封垫片的压缩量为0.3mm,固定螺栓的预紧力的大小为25N·m时,压板法兰的密封性满足主机厂对汽车空调管路接头密封要求。低温状态下压板法兰接头的制冷剂泄漏量明显少于高温状态下的制冷剂泄漏量。为汽车空调管路连接设计提供参考。