Novel pathotypes of lettuce mosaic virus — breakdown of a durable resistance?

Summary Resistance to lettuce mosaic virus (LMV) is derived either from cv. Gallega (g gene) or the wild accession PI251245 (mo gene). Previous studies indicated that these two genes were identical. Breeders in Europe produced numerous resistant cultivars utilisingg while in the USAmo was used. The resistance has been effective for over 20 years. However, recently there have been reports of LMV isolates causing unusually severe and sometimes necrotic symptoms on cultivars with these resistance genes. Investigations of these severe isolates have distinguished three new pathotypes in addition to the common pathotype (II) and identified a novel dominant gene for resistance. Themo/g genes confer resistance to pathotypes I and II but pathotype III possesses virulence for cultivars withg but not for those withmo. These two genes are therefore not identical but are probably either closely linked genes or alleles. Pathotype IV possesses virulence for all lettuce lines so far tested. Some isolates of this pathotype are seed transmitted in cultivars possessingmo org and have caused severe crop losses in southern France. The durability of the resistance conditioned by these two genes is discussed.     

Interactions between plant and aphid genotypes in resistance of lettuce to Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Summary Six lettuce lines, representing two types of resistance to the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, and a control line with high susceptibility to M. persicae were tested for resistance to six different clones of Myzus persicae and two clones of the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae.The clones of M. persicae showed very different levels of aggressiveness on lettuce: two had a high level of reproduction, two had an intermediate level and two were poorly adapted to lettuce as a host. Differences between lettuce lines in aphid reproduction increased with increasing aggressiveness of the aphid clone, which means that aggressive clones are most effective for selection purposes. No evidence was found for clone-specific plant genotype reactions, meaning that lines resistant to one clone will also be resistant to other clones of M. persicae, allthough not neccessarily at the same level. The lettuce lines selected for partial resistance to the aggressive clone WMp1 were completely or almost completely resistant to less aggresive clones.No differences in level of reproduction were found between the two clones of M. euphorbiae and no relation was observed between resistance to M. persicae and M. euphorbiae, indicating the species-specific character of resistance to leaf aphids in lettuce.     

The response to saprol (systemic fungicide) in lettuce species and cultivars and its inheritance

Summary The response of Lactuca sativa, L. serriola and L. saligna to saprol was studied. Spraying the whole plant or part of a leaf caused wilting of susceptible plants. A similar effect was observed when leaves were soaked in a solution containing saprol.Inheritance studies with L. sativa and L. serriola showed that resistance to the wilting reaction caused by saprol is controlled by a single recessive gene.Contribution no. 198-E, 1978 series.     

Diurnal Macronutrients Uptake Patterns by Lettuce Roots under Various Light and Temperature Levels

In order to reduce nutrient wastes to the environment the supply should be in accordance to the demand for these. Two experiments were conducted to study and quantify the effect of temperature, irradiance, and plant age on the uptake of nitrate (NO₃^?), ammonium (NH₄⁺), dihydrogen phosphate ion (H₂PO₄^?), potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), and sulfate (SO₄²). In the first experiment, various levels of temperature and irradiance were applied to plants in a growth chamber, while in the second experiment the uptake was studied along the crop season under greenhouse conditions. The uptake rates were calculated at 2-hour intervals through sampling the nutrient solution and analyzing it by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Increasing light and temperature enhance the uptake rates, while the rates decrease with plant age. Nitrogen absorption was similar during the day as during the night. No differences were found in the absorption of H₂PO₄^?, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and SO₄^2? between day and night. Nitrate absorption was found to have a positive correlation with the absorption of all the ions except for NH₄⁺.     

New Wild Lactuca Genetic Resources with Resistance Against Bremia lactucae

A total of 1027 genotypes of wild Lactuca spp. (L. serriola, L. saligna, and L. aculeata), originating from Israel, Jordan, East Turkey, Armenia, Kazakhstan, China, and various other countries in Europe were screened for resistance to the lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae Regel). The genotypes of L. serriola (N = 962); L. saligna (N = 43); and L. aculeata (N = 22) were tested at the seedling stage with two isolates of B. lactucae (race Bl-21 and Isr-74) isolated from cultivated lettuce in Italy and Israel, respectively. Altogether, the isolates possess virulence against 17 out of 20 Dm genes/R-factors composing the established differential set of lettuce lines/varieties. They could therefore be used for preliminary detection of the presence of new resistance factors. A total of 83 and three genotypes of L. serriola and L. saligna, respectively, were resistant to infection by each of the two isolates alone as well as to the infection by a mix of the two isolates. These genotypes probably carry previously unknown resistance, and therefore could be suitable for exploitation by breeders and further detailed research. The wild progenitor of lettuce, L. serriola, and related species harbor significant untapped genetic resources for lettuce improvement.     

不同有机肥料对基质培叶菜的营养效应研究

采用基质栽培试验研究了不同有机肥种类对叶类蔬菜(芹菜和生菜)硝酸盐和营养品质的效应。结果表明,在基质栽培施用无机肥的基础上,6种有机肥料降低芹菜根重和株高,除施用猪粪(PM)使芹菜显著增产(21.1%)、泥炭(PP)极显著减产(32.4%)外,其余有机肥处理的产量差异不显著;施用有机肥使生菜增产55.5%～132.7%(达极显著),其增产序列依次为稻草(RS)>鸡粪(CM)>泥炭(PP)>玉米秆(MS)>菜籽饼(RM)>猪粪(PM)。2种叶菜的硝酸盐以芹菜成倍高于生菜,在无机肥基础上施用有机肥料对芹菜硝酸盐的影响不明显,但却大幅度(39.6%～70.8%)提高生菜硝酸盐含量,降低其卫生品质。有机肥各处理对两种叶菜Vc、可溶性糖、氨基酸等营养品质的效应差异大,对芹菜以提高作用为主,而对生菜则主要表现为降低。6种有机肥中,以猪粪和菜籽饼对芹菜,猪粪和鸡粪对生菜的产量和品质效应良好。     

广州地区春季叶菜田杂草群落组成及其特征

于春季利用倒置"W"取样法对广州地区不同种植年限及管理措施的叶菜田进行杂草群落调查。结果表明广州地区叶菜田杂草种类共有35种,属12科,25属。其中马齿苋、牛筋草、稗草、碎米莎草等为主要杂草。种植5年的菜田中以牛筋草 马齿苋 萹蓄等杂草为主;种植10年的菜田中以马齿苋 稗草 碎米莎草等杂草为主;长期种植的菜田以马齿苋 碎米莎草 凹头苋等杂草为主。种植5年的菜田杂草群落的香浓指数和匀度指数最大。在以人工防除为主的控草措施下,菜田中杂草群落物种丰富度指数最小(4.67)。通过聚类分析表明种植年限是影响叶菜田杂草群落结构的最重要因素。     

莴苣中硒含量分布和赋存形态研究

研究了大田补硒栽培莴苣成熟期各器官中硒的含量分布和赋存形态,结果表明:莴苣对硒有一定的富集能力,叶片吸收的无机硒进入莴苣体内代谢后转化为多种形态有机硒,根、茎、叶中的核酸、多糖和蛋白质结合硒是硒的主要赋存形态,生物大分子有机硒含量占总硒量的70%以上。     

莴笋菌核病菌生物学特性研究

研究了温度、湿度、光照、培养基、pH值和营养对莴笋菌核病菌菌丝生长的影响 ,结果表明 :菌丝生长的温度范围 7～ 3 0℃ ,适温 15～ 2 5℃ ,最佳温度 2 0℃ ;菌丝在 2 4h光照或 2 4h黑暗生长较快 ,12h光照 +12h黑暗生长较慢 ;菌丝在相对湿度 80 %以上均能生长 ,湿度越大 ,生长速度越快 ;菌丝在PDA培养基上生长最快 ;在pH值为 5时生长最快 ;在碳源和氮源利用方面 ,淀粉和丝氨酸对菌丝生长最有效。