Insecticidal potency of novel compounds on multiple insect species of medical and veterinary importance

BACKGROUND: Vector‐borne diseases continue to present significant threats to human, animal and plant health. Mosquitoes, houseflies, sand flies and stable flies are well‐known vectors of several human and animal pathogens. The toxicity of selected semiochemicals with molecular structures indicative of insecticidal activity was determined against these insect species with the aim of developing novel insecticides toxic to multiple insect species. RESULTS: Three semiochemicals, namely beta‐damascone, cyclemone A and melafleur, showed remarkable toxicity to three mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti L., Ae. albopictus (Skuse) and Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say, the housefly, Musca domestica L., the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L., and the sand fly, Lutzomyia shannoni (Dyar). The chemicals were equally toxic to several field‐collected permethrin‐tolerant housefly strains. When formulated as 500 mL L^?1 emulsifiable concentrates, the chemicals demonstrated stability and toxicity on filter paper and camouflage military fabrics, with persistence up to 8 days under laboratory conditions. The chemicals were equally effective under field conditions when evaluated on unpainted plywood panels, although a higher dosage was required under field conditions to achieve similar efficacy. CONCLUSION: Laboratory quantification of LC₅₀ values and field efficacy of three semiochemicals as formulated compounds on mosquitoes, houseflies, stable flies and sand flies showed that these semiochemicals could serve as potent insecticides for multiple insect species. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of ectoparasiticides against biting and nuisance flies on ruminants

These guidelines have been prepared to assist in the planning, conduct and interpretation of studies for the assessment of the efficacy of ectoparasiticides (excluding repellents) against the biting and nuisance dipteran flies of ruminants. Information is provided on the selection of animals, dose determination and dose confirmation studies, field studies, record keeping and result interpretation. These guidelines advocate the use of pen facilities for dose determination and dose confirmation studies. These guidelines also are intended to assist investigators on how to conduct specific studies, to provide specific information for registration authorities involved in the decision-making process, to assist in the approval and registration of new ectoparasiticides, and to facilitate the worldwide adoption of standard procedures.     

苦瓜抗瓜实蝇的遗传效应分析

用新化白苦瓜做母本P（2感虫品种）,广西野生苦瓜做父本P（1抗虫品种）进行杂交获得F1代。F1代分别与P1、P2回交获得两个回交世代B1和B2,同时F1代自交获得F2代。利用以上六个世代进行田间试验,在田间自然虫源条件下,对苦瓜植株果实抗虫性的遗传进行了研究,结果表明苦瓜对瓜实蝇的抗虫性是数量性状的遗传,符合加性-显性遗传模型,抗瓜实蝇的遗传以加性效应为主。     

Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Host Status and Relative Infestation of Selected Mango Cultivars in Three Agro Ecological Zones in Uganda

Despite their economic importance, there is paucity of knowledge on fruit fly host status in Uganda. Therefore, this study set out to profile the host range of the main fruit fly pests and determine the susceptibility of selected fruits and mango cultivars across three main mango agro ecological zones, which included: Western Medium High Altitude Farmlands (WMHF), Lake Victoria Crescent (LVC), and the Northern Moist Farmlands (NMF) in Uganda. A wide range of fruits was sampled across the three zones. These were incubated at the National Agricultural Research Laboratories following standard protocols. Emerging fruit fly species were identified using standard keys and counted. Among the sampled fruits, 633 (35.0%) individual fruits from 15 plant families were positive for fruit fly infestation. Bactrocera invadens dominated (76.3%) of the positive samples, while infestation by native species, such as Ceratitis capitata and Ceratitis cosyra, was negligible. Annonaceae, Solanaceae, Rutaceae, and Anacardiaceae plant families recorded significantly more host species, while the number of pest fruit flies (species richness) per plant species followed a similar trend: Solanaceae > Rutaceae > Anacardiaceae. There was significant (P < 0.0001) variability in infestation among mango fruit cultivars, both within and across zones. When all zones were pooled together, Tommy Atkins and Kent, and Keitt, Kate, and Biire were the least and most infested, respectively. In conclusion, fruit flies have a diverse range of commercial and non-commercial hosts in Uganda. Strategies for fruit fly pest eradication in the country should ensure elimination or management of alternative fruit hosts and integration of tolerant mango cultivars in fruit development programs.     

New observation of cone flies attacking cones ofPicea obovata andLarix sibirica in central Siberia

Two species of cone flies (Strobilomyia anthracina andS. svenssoni) emerged from puparia were collected under Siberian spruce (Picea obovata) trees in the central part of the Krasnoyarsk region, central Siberia. Parasites of the Figitidae and Braconidae families emerged from 28.1% of the puparia, and fungal and bacterial diseases destroyed 24.8% of the puparia. Weight and length of the puparia depended on the sanitary status. Two types of cone fly eggs were observed on spruce cones. At least three species ofStrobilomyia (S. Infrequens, S. laricicola, and S. sibirica) attacked cones of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) in central Siberia. (Responsible editor: Zhu Hong)     

桃潜叶蛾发生及防治技术研究

桃潜叶蛾在平谷县以成虫越冬,１ａ发生６代。成虫有多次交尾习性,趋光性强,迁移能力较强。幼虫可为害桃、杏、李及榆叶梅等叶片,幼虫天敌优势种为姬小蜂,寄生率可达３６．６％。叶片受害后,光合强度降低２０．８％,产量降低１８．３％。生产上,５月下旬桃潜叶蛾性诱剂诱蛾高峰日,用２５％灭幼脲Ⅲ号悬浮剂１５００～２０００倍液防治;８月中下旬,性诱剂诱蛾激增日开始调查虫（卵）叶率,超过５％时,用２５％灭幼脲Ⅲ号悬浮剂１５００～２０００倍液,加８０％敌敌畏乳油１０００倍液或５％高效氯氰菊酯乳油１５００倍液防治,好叶率可达９５％以上。     

美洲斑潜蝇生物学特性及发生规律的研究

成虫取食、交尾均于白天进行,平均寿命８．７￣１２．６ｄ,平均每雌产卵归７０．５￣１２０．８粒,产卵高峰在羽化后３￣７ｄ,卵在白天和晚上均可孵化,孵化率９０．８％以上。幼虫白天和晚上均可取食,不同虫龄和在不同作物上,其取食不同。化蛹一般在上午１０时前进行,９５．３％掉到土壤中,羽化一般在上午１０时前进行,９５．３％掉到土壤中。羽化一般在上午１０时前,性比１：１,虫态历期与温度成反相关。１９９５年广州     

福建柳杉毛虫的七种寄生蝇形态记述和生物学

柳杉毛虫是一种严重为害柳杉的食叶害虫,探明柳杉毛虫的寄生蝇种类,将为该虫优势天敌的筛选提供更多的选择。本研究从野外采集柳杉毛虫幼虫并带回室内饲养,出蛆化蛹,羽化获得不同种类的寄生蝇。对获得的寄生蝇进行分类、鉴定,并描述其系统分类地位、形态特征、地理分布及寄主。调查发现,柳杉毛虫的寄生蝇由多到少依次为蚕饰腹寄蝇Blepharipa zebina(Walker),瘦钩鬃麻蝇Sarcophaga(Sarcorohdendorfia)gracilior(Chen),黑角狭颊寄蝇Carcelia(s.str.)nigrantennata Chao et Liang,松毛虫狭颊寄蝇C.(s.str.)matsukarehae(Shima),星毛虫狭颊寄蝇C.(s.str.)illiberisi Chao et Liang,拟庸赘寄蝇Drino(Palexorista)inconspicuoides(Baranov),羚足鬃麻蝇S.(Sarcorohdendorfia)antilope B#x00F6;ttcher,共7种,其中蚕饰腹寄蝇、瘦钩鬃麻蝇、黑角狭颊寄蝇分布较广,种群数量较多,寄生率较高,分别为7.44%、7.37%、5.48%,被认为是优势种;且拟庸赘寄蝇为福建新分布记录;柳杉毛虫是黑角狭颊寄蝇、星毛虫狭颊寄蝇、拟庸赘寄蝇的新寄主;还发现2种重寄生蜂寄生于寄生蝇。记述柳杉毛虫的7种寄生蝇形态特征,有助于今后识别其天敌昆虫,研究害虫与天敌的种间关系,评价寄生蝇种群对维护柳杉林分生态系统稳定和防控柳杉毛虫的潜能,具有重要意义。     

柑桔大食蝇防治

柑桔大食蝇疫情呈逐年加重趋势,由于其发生面积大,危害损失重,疫区果实不准外销,给果农造成了巨大的经济损失,已成为柑桔生产上的第一大虫害。