影响抗药性杂草发生的因素

文章主要讨论了影响杂草抗药性快速发展的一些主要因素。影响杂草抗药性发展的主要因素是由于一类或一种除草剂以及使用作用靶标相同的不同类型的除草剂的大面积和长期连续使用。另外除草剂和杂草的一些特性也影响杂草的抗药性的快速发展。     

混流式水轮机叶道空化涡诱发高振幅压力脉动特性

混流式水轮机部分负荷叶道空化涡不稳定特性已成为制约水电与其他可再生能源多能互补发展、扩大水轮机稳定运行范围急需研究的技术难题。该研究以HL702低水头混流式模型水轮机为研究对象,通过非稳态数值模拟技术及涡流可视化试验,对部分负荷工况下的叶道空化涡不稳定涡流演化及压力脉动特性展开研究。结果表明,叶道空化涡在水轮机转轮内为一个体积周期性变化的动态过程,其涡结构脉动主频为转轮转频的1.1倍。叶道空化涡诱发时,水轮机转轮叶片压力面和吸力面均捕捉到与涡结构频率相同的压力脉动信号。叶道空化涡体积的变化主要发生在转轮叶片背面出水边与下环交界附近,引起压力脉动幅值的局部放大。进一步分析发现,叶道空化涡发生工况下水轮机内部的瞬时压力脉动信号与空泡体积加速度成正比,表明涡流演化是引起压力脉动幅值上升的重要原因。研究进一步阐明了部分负荷工况叶道空化涡的演化特征,揭示了涡流诱发不稳定高振幅压力脉动的内在机制。     

影响负压反馈射流喷头水力性能的重要参数正交试验

为了探究影响负压反馈射流喷头水力性能的重要参数对水力性能的影响程度,并选出综合水力性能最优下的重要参数组合,首先设计了4因素3水平正交试验,并根据试验要求分别加工出3种长度(4.2,5.6,7.0 cm)的喷管、3种直径(3,4,5 mm)的喷嘴,以及射流进口宽×深为4 mm×8 mm、位差1.80 mm、侧壁夹角20°、劈距28.0 mm、3种喷射仰角(20°,30°,40°)的射流机构,用于水力性能测试.采用综合评分法和极差分析法对正交试验结果进行处理,并引入了射程和喷灌均匀系数对试验结果进行评价.结果表明:影响喷头综合水力性能的重要参数,影响程度由大到小依次为喷射仰角、主副喷嘴直径、工作压力、主副喷管长度.得到了在此射流机构下的最优重要参数组合为工作压力0.35 MPa、主×副喷嘴直径5 mm×4 mm、喷射仰角30°、主×副喷管长度4.2 cm×4.2 cm.试验结果可为该型国产喷头的产品化和未来工程应用提供理论数据支撑.     

绕水翼空泡脱落及其空化脉动特性

为改善水力机械抗空化性能,采用数值模拟与试验相结合的方法对NACA0015水翼非定常云空泡脱落机理进行研究,分析不同空化阶段下非定常空泡结构对翼型表面产生的空化脉动规律,探讨空化非定常过程中压力脉动产生的主要原因.结果表明:基于密度分域滤波器的湍流模型(FBDCM)能较好地模拟水翼表面空泡周期性脱落的非定常过程;在攻角为8°,空化数为1.25的工况下,空泡演化的非定常过程主要分为3个阶段,分别为附着型空泡形成与生长阶段、附着型空泡脱落与云空化形成阶段和云状空泡发展与溃灭阶段;在第二阶段结束时,空泡体积分数增至该周期内最大值;在第三阶段,由于空泡在翼型表面逐渐脱落并溃灭,翼型表面的压力水平逐渐回升,且回射流是空泡脱落的主要原因.     

建兰花叶病毒广东分离物的全基因组序列分析

【目的】建兰花叶病毒(Cymbidium mosaic virus,CymMV)是最主要的兰花病毒病原之一,其广泛传播对兰花产业发展造成严重威胁。探究CymMV遗传信息和进化,为广东省兰花病毒病的监测预警和兰花抗病毒病基因工程提供重要科学依据。【方法】对采自广州地区的墨兰疑似病毒病叶片进行CymMV的RT-PCR及DA-SELISA检测鉴定,利用相关分子生物学软件对CymMV分离物进行基因组序列组装、注释、系统进化及选择压力分析。【结果】首次在广东省发现2个CymMV分离物GZV013和ZC-29,基因组全长均为6227 nt,编码5个功能蛋白;GZV013与台湾分离物M2的核苷酸序列一致性为97.03%;ZC29与南京分离物NJ-1的核苷酸序列一致性为97.11%;CymMV各分离物的全基因组序列一致性为86.85%～98.31%,且多样性种群的分化与寄主种类和地理隔离关系密切;CymMV基因组每个区域均受到负选择的影响,并符合中性进化模型;编码RdRp、TGB1和TGB2的基因在基因组中变异率最高。【结论】GZV013与台湾分离物M2的亲缘关系最近,ZC29与南京分离物NJ-1的亲...     

静水压休克法诱导三倍体鲶鱼（silurus asotus L）的研究

采用静水压休克法诱导三倍体鲶鱼。通过对受精时间、静水压力及持续施压处理时间三方面进行筛选试验的结果表明，鲶鱼卵受精4－5min，用600－649kg/cm^2的静水压力处理3min，可以获得100％的三倍体鲶鱼，而且胚胎存活率也较高，孵化率达对照组的90％以上，是静水压休克法诱导三倍体鲶鱼的最佳条件。三倍体鲶鱼的倍性用细胞遗传学方法验证。     

鲤、团头鲂精子生理生态特性的研究──Ⅲ．单糖和渗透压对精子活力的影响

作者观察了鲤、团头鲂精子在０（去离子水）－３００毫渗渗透压的Ｄ－半乳糖，Ｄ－葡萄糖和Ｄ－果糖溶液中的活动情况。结果表明，在这三种单糖溶液里，鲤、团头鲂精子活动的变化规律是一致的。精子快速运动和寿命的时间是以在Ｄ－半乳糖溶液中为最长。这两种鱼精子对这三种单糖的吸收、利用存在差别。     

南沙群岛重点岛礁潟湖微型浮游动物的群落结构与摄食

潟湖是岛礁生物多样性演变的重要环境场,在岛礁水生态系统的物质循环和能量流动中发挥重要作用,而微型浮游动物的生态功能研究是解析南沙群岛岛礁水域潟湖生态系统初级生产力组成、流向、能量流动效率的重要研究内容之一。实验通过对南沙群岛重点岛礁渚碧礁、美济礁与永暑礁潟湖表层水域中微型浮游动物与生态环境调查,研究了其群落结构及其与环境因子的关系,并通过稀释培养实验研究了微型浮游动物的摄食压力。结果显示,调查水域共发现微型浮游动物20种,总丰度的范围为320～1 460个/L,以无壳纤毛虫丰度最高。无壳纤毛虫在渚碧礁潟湖西部水域（ZB-1）丰度最高,砂壳纤毛虫峰值则出现在永暑礁潟湖中部水域（YS-3）,桡足类幼体丰度最大值出现在美济礁潟湖北部水域（MJ-2）。聚类分析结果显示,3个岛礁潟湖中部区域的微型浮游动物群落相似度较高,溶解氧是影响群落结构的最重要因素,特别是对MJ-3站位影响最为突出。摄食实验结果显示,3个岛礁潟湖水域浮游植物生长率为0.22～1.36 d^-1;微型浮游动物摄食率范围为0.22～0.60 d^-1,微型浮游动物每天约摄食浮游植物现存量的...     

Drying half of the root-zone from mid fruit growth to maturity in ‘Hass’ avocado (Persea americana Mill.) trees for one season reduced fruit production in two years

We tested the effect of extended drying of half the root system on fruit yield and fruit Ca concentration, an indirect measure of fruit quality, in avocado (Persea americana Mill. cv Hass). In a field experiment on a sandy soil, withholding irrigation and plastic sheeting was used to dry the root-zone beneath the whole canopy (DD) or half the canopy (WD), compared with well-watered trees (WW). The irrigation water contained added nutrients and was slightly saline. Yield, shoot growth, leaf conductance, leaf and fruit water status and mineral concentrations of leaves and fruit were studied. The responses of treated trees were assessed in the following season during which normal irrigation practices were restored. With respect to yield, the WD treatment behaved the same as the DD treatment. It reduced yield by more than half and proportionately more than the reduction in water supply thus reducing irrigation efficiency. Re-watering did not restore yield of WD or DD-trees in the next season. The WD and DD treatments had no effect on the concentration of Ca in the fruit mesocarp and so are unlikely to affect fruit quality. The main impact of reduced water supply on the trees was fruit abscission and this was linked to dry soil around the roots rather than the water status of the leaves or fruits. We conclude that extended drying of half of the root-zone in one season reduced irrigation efficiency for two seasons by promoting the abscission of developing fruit to the same extent as occurred when the whole root system was exposed to extended drying.     

Relationship between stable carbon isotope discrimination and water use efficiency under regulated deficit irrigation of pear-jujube tree

To investigate the relationship between stable carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) of different organs and water use efficiency (WUE) under different water deficit levels, severe, moderate and low water deficit levels were treated at bud burst to leafing, flowering to fruit set, fruit growth and fruit maturation stages of field grown pear-jujube tree, and leaf stable carbon isotope discrimination (Δ_L) at different growth stages and fruit stable carbon isotope discrimination (Δ_F) at fruit maturation stage were measured. The results indicated that water deficit had significant effect on Δ_L at different growth stages and Δ_F at fruit maturation stage. As compared with full irrigation, the average Δ_L at different growth stages and Δ_F at fruit maturation stage were decreased by 1.23% and 2.67% for different water deficit levels, respectively. Δ_L and Δ_F among different water deficit treatments had significant difference at the same growth stage (P < 0.05). Under different water deficit conditions, significant relationships between the Δ_L and WUE_i (photosynthesis rate/transpiration rate, P_n/T_r), WUE_n (photosynthesis rate/stomatal conductance of CO_2, P_n/g_s), WUE_y (yield/crop water consumption, Y/ET_c) and yield, or between the Δ_F and WUE_y and yield were found, respectively. There were significantly negative correlations of Δ_L with WUE_i, WUE_n, WUE_y and yield (P < 0.01) at the fruit maturation stage, or Δ_L with WUE_i and WUE_n (P < 0.01) over whole growth stage, respectively. Δ_F was negatively correlated with WUE_y, WUE_n and yield (P < 0.05), but positively correlated with ET_c (P < 0.01) over the whole growth stage. Thus Δ_L or Δ_F can compare WUE_n and WUE_y, so the stable carbon isotope discrimination method can be applied to evaluate the water use efficiency of pear-jujube tree under the regulated deficit irrigation.