Availability of soil boron fractions to M.26 apple rootstock

The availability of various boron (B) fractions in soil to M.26 apple (Malus spp.) rootstock was examined. The study was carried out in a greenhouse on soils with diverse chemical and physical properties. The following B fractions were determined: (i) B in soil solution, (ii) B non‐specifically adsorbed on soil surface, (iii) B specifically adsorbed on soil colloid surfaces, (iv) B occluded in Mn oxyhydroxides, (v) B occluded in noncrystalline aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) oxides, (vi) B occluded in crystalline Al and Fe oxides, (vii) B fixed with soil silicates, and (viii) total soil B. In the studied soils there were: 0.07–0.17 mg kg^‐1 B in soil solution, 0.01–0.03 mg kg^‐1 B non‐specifically adsorbed on soil surface, 0.04–0.08 mg kg^‐1 B specifically adsorbed on soil colloid surfaces, 0.28–0.67 mg kg^‐1 B occluded in manganese (Mn) oxides, 4.03–17.22 mg kg^‐1 B occluded in noncrystalline Al and Fe oxides, 8.93–50.62 mg kg^‐1 B occluded in crystalline Al and Fe oxides, 12.2–42.5 mg kg^‐1 B fixed with soil silicate, and 52.9–82.2 mg kg^‐1 total B. Simple correlation analysis showed positive correlation between B contents in M.26 apple rootstocks and amounts of B in soil solution (r=0.77), B non‐specifically adsorbed on soil colloid surfaces (r=0.65), B specifically adsorbed on soil surface (r=0.76) and B occluded in Mn oxyhydroxides (r=0.77). No relation was found between plant B contents and amounts of B occluded in non‐crystalline and crystalline Al and Fe oxides, B fixed with soil silicates and total B. The results indicated that extraction of B by 0.1 M NH₂OH HCl solution adequately represented amounts of B in soil solution, B non‐specifically and specifically adsorbed on soil compound surfaces and B occluded in Mn oxyhydroxides to assess availability of B to apple trees.     

纽荷尔脐橙叶片矿质元素含量适宜值的研究

 在闽西北中亚热带红壤地区,采集纽荷尔脐橙[Citrus sinensis（L.）Osbeck‘Newhall’],50个果园（范围N25°3′27″ ~ N27°8′、海拔160 ~ 660 m）,100个单株的叶片、土壤和果实样品,研究果实品质及株产等级与26个矿质元素的关系。结果表明：①果实品质受叶片矿质元素的影响依次为：可溶性固形物（36.5%,贡献率,下同）> 粗纤维（27.1%）> 可滴定酸（20.0%）> 单果质量（16.1%）;叶片矿质元素对品质影响的贡献率依次为：K（15.8%）> Cu（11.3%）> Ca（11.2 %）> N（10.5%）> Ni、B（8.7%）> Cd（7.8%）> P（7.4%）> Mg（7.3%）,累计贡献88.7%。②叶片矿质元素对株产等级影响的标准回归系数排序为：La（–0.553）> Ni（–0.405）> Zn（+ 0.395）> Cu（–0.377）。③推荐16项叶片矿质元素诊断标准“元素（< 缺乏;适宜下限 ~ 适宜上限;> 过量）”：N（2.7% ~ 3.2%）、P（0.13% ~ 0.20%）、K（1.2% ~ 1.9%;> 2.2%）、Ca（2.5% ~ 4.0%）、Mg（< 0.20%;0.22% ~ 0.45%）、Cu（5.0 ~ 25 mg · kg^-1;> 60 mg · kg^-1）、Zn（20 ~ 50 mg · kg^-1）、Fe（50 ~ 200 mg · kg^-1）、Mn（20 ~ 150 mg · kg^-1）、B（< 20 mg · kg^-1;35 ~ 150 mg · kg^-1）、Mo（0.05 ~ 1.0 mg · kg^-1）、S（0.28% ~ 0.40%）、Cl（< 0.2%;> 0.5%）;限量元素Ni（≤ 3.0 mg · kg^-1）、Cd（≤ 0.3 mg · kg^-1）、La（≤ 12 mg · kg^-1）。     

翠菊‘花束绯红’叶片的植株再生体系建立

以翠菊‘花束绯红’无菌苗为材料,研究了植物生长调节剂浓度及组合、光照条件、不同附加物对叶片及其愈伤组织再生植株的影响。结果表明:(1)在光照培养条件下,诱导翠菊叶片不定芽形成的最适培养基为MS+6-BA3.0mg·L-1+IBA1.0mg·L-1,诱导率为56.7%,平均不定芽数为3.3;(2)黑暗培养不利于叶片不定芽的分化,但促进叶片愈伤组织的形成;(3)培养基中分别添加脯氨酸、水解酪蛋白和NH4NO3等均能明显促进愈伤组织不定芽的诱导,最适培养基为MS+6-BA1.0mg·L-1+IBA0.1mg·L-1+脯氨酸300mg·L-1,诱导率为82.8%,平均不定芽数为4.5;(4)不定芽移到幼苗生根培养基(1/2MS+IBA0.1mg·L-1)上,生根率为89.1%,移栽后成活率达89.3%。     

低钾对钾迟钝型水稻不同叶位叶片光合活性的影响

研究了低钾对抽穗期钾迟钝型水稻品种原丰早不同叶位的气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明，对照和低钾植株的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）随叶位均显著下降，而对照植株的胞间CO2浓度（Ci）基本维持不变，但低钾植株的Ci却持续上升，说明正常和低钾条件下的叶片衰老时Pn的下降主要不是由气孔因素引起的。对叶绿素荧光参数的分析表明激发压（1-qP）和PSⅡ功能的相对限制（L（PsⅡ））随叶位上升，初始荧光（Fn）和非光化学猝灭（qN）无明显变化，而PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ有效光化学量子产量（F＇v／F＇m）、PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量（ФPSⅡ）和表观电子传递速率（ETR）明显下降。这些结果说明PSⅡ反应中心的受损导致了CO2同化的下降。另外，正常和低钾条件下剑叶的所有参数均无显著差异，暗示着低钾条件下剑叶功能的维持是原丰早耐低钾的一个重要原因。     

不同覆盖方式对植烟土壤有机质及烟叶品质影响的初步研究

为提高烟叶品质,进行了对植烟土壤不同覆盖方式的比较试验,结果表明:高C/N比秸秆与地膜双覆盖能够协调烤烟生长全过程的土壤温度,并且地温日变化幅度小,蓄水保墒作用显著,有机质积累明显,腐殖化作用强,使得烟叶内在化学成分比例更协调,产值高。秸秆单覆盖对土壤性状改良与秸秆和地膜双覆盖相似,烟叶内在化学成分较协调,品质较好,但由于在烤烟生长前期不能提高土壤温度,使得烟叶生长速度较慢,产量下降,产值与地膜单覆盖差异不显著;由于没有新鲜的有机质补充,地膜单覆盖对土壤性状改良不及秸秆单覆盖和秸秆与地膜双覆盖,从而使得烟叶品质较不协调,但产量较高,产值也较高。     

转Bt基因棉新棉33B叶片氮素代谢特征及其化学调控潜力

新棉33B 在开花期间 ,叶片硝酸还原酶活性呈现递减趋势 ,蛋白酶活性和叶蛋白含量呈增加趋势 ,全氮、氨基酸含量与硝酸还原酶活性呈正相关。蕾期至盛花期毒蛋白含量呈马鞍形变化。缩节安系统化控处理使功能叶片硝酸还原酶、蛋白酶的活性、叶片蛋白含量、氨基酸和全氮的含量以及叶片毒蛋白的含量均有提高 ,最终提高单株结铃数和单铃重     

仿生变刚度关节设计与试验

变刚度关节是一种具有本质柔顺性的机器人机构,能够提高机器人与人交互作用时的安全性。本文设计了一种采用弹簧片的机械式仿生变刚度关节,利用差动轮系实现关节位置与刚度的独立控制。基于弹簧片大挠度变形,在关节中采用的2种弹簧片末端施力结构对刚度特性的影响进行分析,仿真结果表明,末端施力结构对偏转时的刚度变化有较大影响。对变刚度关节样机的刚度性能进行试验,试验结果与仿真结果一致,表明该关节具有较大的刚度变化范围,并且2种末端施力结构可以分别满足持续高刚度和碰撞安全性的应用要求。     

Evaluating the role of seed priming in improving drought tolerance of pigmented and non‐pigmented rice

This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of seed priming on drought tolerance of pigmented and non‐pigmented rice. Seeds of pigmented (cv. Heug Jinju Byeo) and non‐pigmented (cv. Anjoong) rice were soaked in water (hydropriming) or solution of CaCl₂ (osmopriming). Seeds were sown in soil‐filled pots retained at 70 (well‐watered) and 35% (drought) water‐holding capacity. Drought stress caused erratic and poor stand establishment and decreased the growth of both rice types. More decrease in plant height and leaf area under drought stress was noted in pigmented rice, whereas decrease in root length and seedling dry weight, under drought, was more obvious in non‐pigmented rice. Pigmented rice maintained more tissue water and photosynthesis and had more polyphenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity than non‐pigmented rice. Seed priming was effective in improving stand establishment, growth, polyphenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity; however, extent of improvement was more in pigmented rice under drought. In conclusion, drought caused erratic germination and suppressed plant growth in both rice types. However, pigmented rice had better drought tolerance owing to uniform emergence, and better physiological and morphological plasticity. Seed priming was quite helpful in improving the performance of both rice types under drought and well‐watered conditions.     

秦冠、富士苹果杂交后代抗早期落叶病的遗传分析

采用秦冠、富士杂交F1代,对苹果早期落叶病的抗性遗传倾向进行研究。结果表明,杂交F1代斑点病的遗传倾向在不同年份表现一致,病情指数由小到大依次为秦冠×富士<富士×秦冠,而褐斑病的遗传倾向在不同组合不同年份表现不一致。秦冠、富士杂交F1代的斑点病病情指数均值略高于或低于亲中值,表明秦冠、富士杂交后代抗斑点病的遗传中加性效应较大,在后代中选择抗病单株潜力大。褐斑病病情指数均高于亲中值,表明褐斑病遗传中非加性效应占有较大比重。