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41.
稻油轮作区驱动圆盘犁对置组合式耕整机设计与试验 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
针对长江中下游稻油轮作区油菜种植时土壤黏重板结、秸秆量大、播种作业需同步开畦沟的农艺要求,考虑传统耕整作业耕层浅、功耗大的不足,依据驱动圆盘犁组与传统铧式犁相比,不易缠草堵塞、通过性好、牵引阻力小的特征,设计了用于油菜播种的驱动圆盘犁对置组合式耕整机。提出了主动式对置犁耕与被动式开畦沟、碎土、平整相结合的联合耕整作业方案,分析了对称布置的圆盘犁组的动力学和运动学特性,确定了其主要结构和工作参数。根据犁体曲面成形原理,设计了开畦沟前犁犁体曲面;依据组合式船型开沟器与土壤挤压互作机制的分析,确定了开畦沟区域宽度为350 mm时,开畦沟系统作业后可有效保证畦沟和种床厢面质量。耕深稳定性试验表明,整机作业实际耕深与限深深度基本一致,耕深稳定性系数均在90%以上。厢面质量试验表明,开畦沟系统在中间开畦沟区域能开出沟宽241.6~293.5 mm,沟深328.6~370.8 mm的梯形沟。经组合式船型开沟器挤压的土壤对犁沟的实际填埋率高于87.67%,碎土辊作业后厢面平整度为22.45~26.70 mm,碎土率为60.14%~68.37%。正交试验结果表明,整机较优工作参数为:限深深度为180 mm,机组前进速度为3.5 km/h,圆盘犁组转速为160 r/min,此时整机功耗为24.37 k W,相比传统旋耕方式的油菜播种种床整备机具的功耗降低了37.67%,秸秆埋覆率为92.78%,碎土率为66.74%,厢面平整度为24.18 mm,土壤对犁沟平均填埋率为92.3%,满足油菜播种的农艺要求。 相似文献
42.
砷在环境中普遍存在,因其高毒性,世界卫生组织将砷污染列为重大公共卫生问题。因此,科学家们在不断寻求科学有效的砷污染去除方法。人工湿地砷污染去除系统自上世纪七十年代推出以来,因其环境友好、成本低廉的特性得到蓬勃发展,快速成为绿色环保修复技术之一。人工湿地被认为是理想的砷富集去除场所,其对砷污染的去除方式主要通过植物和微生物相互作用及腐殖酸强化修复来实现。本文通过砷污染治理历史及技术发展、人工湿地的兴起及砷在湿地生态系统中的赋存状态以及人工湿地生态系统砷污染去除三个方面综述了人工湿地砷污染去除的研究进展。通过大量文献综述分析,我们认为在人工湿地砷污染去除的后续研究工作中,应着重研究砷在湿地生态系统中的扩散迁移及演变规律,构建湿地生态系统沉水-浮水-挺水植物立体结构,并不断探索植物-微生物及腐殖酸强化修复对砷污染的协同阻滞及界面作用。 相似文献
43.
为了准确揭示山药片红外联合热风干燥传热传质机理,在考虑山药片收缩变形特性的基础上,通过有限元软件COMSOL6.1建立了“温度场-湿度场”多场耦合的山药片红外联合热风干燥传热传质模型。模拟研究基于山药片在不同温度(50、60、70 ℃)下收缩变形的传热传质,并通过试验进行验证。分析不同温度对山药片品质(色差、复水比、多糖和尿囊素含量)的影响。结果表明:1)山药片体积比随干燥温度的升高而增加,在干燥温度分别为50、60、70 ℃时,其值分别为34.55%、37.23%、39.04%。2)在干燥温度为50、60、70 ℃时,红外联合热风干燥收缩模型可准确预测山药片干燥过程中干燥温度和含水率,其决定系数R2分别为0.973、0.976、0.981和0.983、0.984、0.974。3)山药片外部温度升高,表面水分开始蒸发,形成水分梯度。随着干燥的继续,红外热量在山药片内部不断积累,导致内部温度升高,水分向外扩散,进而减小了内外水分梯度。随着干燥温度的升高,增加了山药片温度和湿度梯度,促进了热量和质量的传递,提高了水分迁移的速率。4)在60 ℃时,干燥品质最优,其色差为7.49、复水比为2.65 kg/kg、多糖含量为24.17 mg/g、尿囊素含量为2.66 μg/g。该模型为其他物料在红外联合热风干燥技术的模拟研究提供有益借鉴。 相似文献
44.
In this paper the finite element analysis was carried out for a composite vertical axis wind turbine with lift-drag combined starting structures to ensure the structure safety of a vertical axis wind turbine(VAWT). The static and modal analysis of rotor of a composite vertical axis wind turbine was conducted by using ANSYS software. The relevant contour sketch of stress and deformation was obtained. The analysis was made for static structural mechanics, modal analysis of rotor and the total deformation and vibration profile to evaluate the influence on the working capability of the rotor. The analysis results showed that the various structure parameters lie in the safety range of structural mechanics as given in the relative standards. The analysis showed the design safe to operate the rotor of a vertical axis wind turbine. The methods used in this study can be used as a good reference for the structural mechanics′ analysis of VAWTs. 相似文献
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48.
有机肥和化肥配施对黑土有机氮形态组成及分布的影响 总被引:19,自引:3,他引:19
研究了长期定位施用有机肥和化肥对黑土中有机氮各组分含量及其在土壤各层次中分布的影响。结果表明,在耕层土壤中,常量氮磷钾和倍量有机肥配施,有机氮中铵态氮、氨基酸态氮和氨基糖态氮含量最高,各组分含量在不同肥料处理中的顺序是酸不溶氮>氨基酸态氮>铵态氮>酸解未知氮>氨基糖态氮。不同施肥处理有机氮各组分含量随着土层的加深而下降,与有机质的变化规律一致;不同土层的C/N比值在9.03~12.49之间变动。 相似文献
49.
氮钾配施对大蒜增产效应的研究 总被引:15,自引:1,他引:15
1999~2001年连续三年多点试验结果表明:在安徽省来安县大蒜产区水稻土上氮钾配施对大蒜产量及品质都有明显的正效应,蒜苔增产24.2%~29.2%,蒜头增产17.3%~18.9%。氮钾肥的产量效应与土壤的氮钾水平和氮钾比例密切相关。氮肥的适宜用量为N300~375kg/hm2,钾肥为K2O150kg/hm2。回归方程计算显示,大蒜产区的土壤临界钾素含量为101μg/ml,氮素临界含量为46μg/ml(ASI法测定)。氮钾配施并能提高蒜苗、蒜苔维生素C及可溶性糖含量。增施钾肥对大蒜的经济效益明显提高,产投比为11.07~13.26。 相似文献
50.
Using the soil gas radon as an indicator for ground contamination by non-aqueous phase-liquids 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Michael Schubert Klaus Freyer Hans-Christian Treutler Holger Weiß 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2001,1(4):217-222
1 The Problem One of the major problems facing risk assessment at polluted industrial sites and military bases is subsurface contamination
by non-aqueous phase-liquids (NAPLs), since tracing the extent of a NAPL plume using conventional methods (drive point profiling)
is usually associated with difficulties. In an effort to trace subsurface contamination as precisely as possible, monitoring
points are placed in the area that might be affected by contaminants, and groundwater and soil samples are taken to the laboratory
for analysis. However, the final number of monitoring points is hardly ever sufficient for distinctive contamination mapping,
and this may ultimately result in an unsuitable remediation action being taken.
2 Objectives To obtain a more detailed image of a subsurface NAPL plume and, hence, to facilitate remediation measures that are best suited
for the site in question, a denser network of monitoring points is desirable. The aim of the investigation described in this
paper was therefore to develop a new detection method for subsurface NAPL contamination, which is based on an easily accessibleindicator for NAPLs rather than on the analysis of soil and groundwater samples taken at the site. Based on the good solubility of
radon in NAPLs, the idea was put forward that subsurface NAPL contamination should have an influence on the natural radon
concentration of the soil gas. Provided this effect is significant, it would be possible to carry out a straightforward radon
survey on an appropriate sampling grid covering the suspected site and thus enabling the NAPL contamination to be detected
by the localization of anomalous low radon concentrations in the soil. The overall aim of the investigation was to assess
the general suitability of the soil-gas radon concentration as an indirect tracer for NAPL contamination in the ground.
3 Methods The partitioning coefficient KNAPL/air is one of the most influential parameters governing the decrease of the radon concentration in the soil gas in the presence
of a subsurface NAPL contamination. Since NAPL mixtures such as gasoline, diesel fuel and paraffin are among the most important
NAPLs regarding remediation activities, laboratory experiments were performed to determine the radon-partitioning coefficient
for these three NAPL mixtures.
Field experiments were carried out as well. The aim of the field experiments was to test the use of the soil-gas radon concentration
as a tracer for NAPL contamination on-site. For the field experiments, each site was covered with a suitable grid of soil
gas sampling points. Finally, the lateral radon distribution pattern achieved on each of the sites was compared to the respective
findings of the earlier research performed by conventional means.
4 Results and Discussion The results of the laboratory experiments clearly show a very strong affinity of radon to the NAPL mixtures examined. The
partitioning coefficients achieved correspond to those published for pure NAPLs (Clever 1979) and are thus in the expected
range. The results of the field experiments showed that the minimum radon concentrations detected match the respective NAPL
plumes traced previously.
5 Conclusions Both the results of the lab experiments and the on-site findings demonstrate that the soil-gas radon concentration can be
used as an indicator for subsurface NAPL contamination. The investigation showed that NAPL-contaminated soil volumes give
rise to anomalous low soil-gas radon concentrations in the close vicinity of the contamination. The reason for this decrease
in the soil-gas radon concentration is the good solubility of radon in NAPLs, which enables the NAPLs to accumulate and ‘trap’
part of the radon available in the soil pores.
6 Recommendations and Outlook Further research is required into contamination with rather volatile NAPLs such as BTEX. Further research is also needed to
examine whether it is possible to not only localize a NAPL plume, but also to obtain some quantitative information about the
subsurface NAPL contamination. The authors also believe that additional investigations should be carried out to study the
ability of the method to not just localize a NAPL contamination, but also to monitor on-site, clean-up measures. 相似文献