林果机械化采收技术与装备研究进展

机械化采收技术是制约林果产业发展的重要瓶颈。实现林果机械化采收是林果产业转变发展方式、节本增效、增强国际市场竞争力的重要途径之一,也是林果产业全程机械化和规模化的研究重点和难点。林果机械化采收的技术重点是高效低损采摘,最终目标是实现林果自动化、智能化、无人化采收。该文总结了中国林果种植分布情况现状,将现有林果机械化采收技术与装备系统地划分为一次性联合摘果采收和振动采收后集果捡拾,并对其研究现状和发展动态进行了阐述和剖析。在此基础上,结合林果产业发展要求和应用场景,归纳了国内林果机械化采收技术面临的机会和挑战,并提出兼顾不同需求发展高性能、高效率、高可靠的林果机械化采收装备建议,以期为促进林果业的现代化和高新技术推广提供参考。     

Microbial remediation of a pentachloronitrobenzene-contaminated soil under Panax notoginseng: A field experiment

Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) is an organochlorine fungicide that is mainly used in the prevention and control of diseases in crop seedlings. Microbial removal is used as a promising method for in-situ removal of many organic pesticides and pesticide residues. A short-term field experiment (1 year) was conducted to explore the potential role of a PCNB-degrading bacterial isolate, Cupriavidus sp. YNS-85, in the remediation of a PCNB-contaminated soil on which Panax notoginseng was grown. The following three treatments were used:i) control soil amended with wheat bran but without YNS-85, ii) soil with 0.15 kg m^-2 of solid bacterial inoculum (A), and iii) soil with 0.30 kg m^-2 of solid bacterial inoculum (B). The removal of soil PCNB during the microbial remediation was monitored using gas chromatography. Soil catalase and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) esterase activities were determined using spectrophotometry. In addition, cultivable bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes were counted by plating serial dilutions, and the microbial biodiversity of the soil was analyzed using BIOLOG. After 1 year of in-situ remediation, the soil PCNB concentrations decreased significantly by 50.3% and 74.2% in treatments A and B, respectively, when compared with the uninoculated control. The soil catalase activity decreased in the presence of the bacterial isolate, the FDA esterase activity decreased in treatment A, but increased in treatment B. No significant changes in plant biomass, diversity of the soil microbial community, or physicochemical properties of the soil were observed between the control and inoculated groups (P<0.05). The results indicate that Cupriavidus sp. YNS-85 is a potential candidate for the remediation of PCNB-contaminated soils under P. notoginseng.     

硫酸根自由基高级氧化技术对污染场地多环芳烃的修复效果研究

硫酸根自由基高级氧化技术(sulfate radical(SO_4~(·–))based advanced oxidation processes,SR-AOPs)是一种被广泛应用于降解土壤有机污染物的原位氧化修复技术。然而,关于SR-AOPs降解土壤多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)的报道相对较少。本研究以南京某炼钢厂附近土壤作为试验样本,通过设置不同比例混合体系的过硫酸钠(Na_2S_2O_8)和亚铁离子(Fe~(2+))以及反应不同时间,探究SR-AOPs对土壤中16种PAHs的修复效果以及最佳技术方案。结果表明:Na_2S_2O_8和Fe~(2+)的配比会显著影响土壤PAHs的降解效果,当两者比例达到10︰1时,即Na_2S_2O_8用量为5 mmol/g,Fe~(2+)用量为0.5 mmol/g,反应时间为24 h时,PAHs总降解率最高,可达到29.32%;不同环数的PAHs决定了SR-AOPs的降解效果,其中SR-AOPs对四环PAHs降解效率最高,总降解率达到37.32%;此外,降解效率随反应时间增加而增加,在24 h达到效果最佳。因此,本研究结果可为SR-AOPs修复土壤PAHs提供理论依据。     

酸法提取青稞麸皮结合酚工艺优化

为了提高青稞的附加利用价值,该文以青稞麸皮为研究对象,考察了提取试剂、酸质量分数、萃取pH值、料液比和提取温度对多酚质量分数和 DPPH·自由基清除能力的影响。采用中心组合设计优化其结合酚提取工艺。结果表明,青稞结合酚提取最优工艺条件为：提取试剂为硫酸,酸质量分数为11.10%,水料比为1：17 g/mL,提取温度为75℃,pH值不作处理,此条件下提取得到的结合酚质量分数达224.33 mg/(100 g),DPPH·自由基清除能力达9919.28μmol/(100 g),与预测值多酚质量分数243.80 mg/(100 g),其DPPH·自由基清除能力9087.02μmol/(100 g)基本一致。高效液相色谱法检测到最优工艺下所得青稞结合酚中含有8种酚酸及8种黄酮类物质,总量达325.104 mg/(100 g)。研究结果为全面评价青稞结合酚含量及青稞麸皮的高效利用提供科学依据。     

鱼稻共生条件下陶粒载体水稻浮床提高细菌活性及多样性

以轻质陶粒为主要原料开发出一种新型生物浮床载体,并通过种植水稻构建了陶粒载体水稻浮床对池塘水环境进行修复。研究了陶粒载体水稻浮床对精养池塘的水质净化作用,并采用Biolog-ECO技术分析了陶粒载体水稻浮床对池塘浮游细菌碳源代谢模式和多样性的影响。结果显示,试验组池塘水中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和亚硝态氮(NO2–-N)等水质指标在8月份显著低于对照组,高锰酸盐指数(IMn)在8月份和10月份显著低于对照组。试验组池塘浮游细菌群落代谢活性(AWCD)、Shannon指数和丰富度指数在8月份显著高于对照塘,Shannon均匀度指数在10月份显著高于对照塘。浮床种植水稻产量达到5 900 kg/hm~2。结果表明陶粒载体水稻浮床在具备一定生产性能基础上,降低了精养池塘水中氮磷营养水平,改变了精养池塘浮游细菌群落碳源利用模式,并提高了池塘浮游细菌群落代谢活性和功能多样性。结果可为应用陶粒载体水稻浮床调控池塘水环境提供理论指导。     

咸淡水间歇组合灌溉对盐碱耕地土壤水盐运移特性的影响

为探明土壤水盐在咸淡水间歇组合灌溉条件下的运移情况,采用室内一维垂直积水入渗试验,以全淡水和微咸水直接灌溉作为对照,设置了四种间歇时间,分别为0、30、60、120 min,三种咸淡水组合比例,分别为2∶1、1∶1、1∶2,进行咸淡水间歇组合灌溉。结果表明:在同一入渗时间,间歇组合灌溉的累积入渗量大于淡水灌溉,与微咸水直接灌溉差异较小;累积入渗量(I)与湿润锋运移深度(Zf)的决定系数R2均大于0.99,I和Zf呈良好的线性关系;间歇组合灌溉的土壤含水率、灌水均匀度均远远大于淡水灌溉,但间歇组合灌溉的灌水均匀度随着淡水所占灌水定额比例的增加而减小;在5~45 cm作物根系密集区,土壤整体脱盐,但间歇组合灌溉土壤脱盐率显著高于微咸水直接灌溉,与淡水灌溉差异较小;不同间歇时间、组合比例对土壤脱盐率的影响均达到显著性水平。     

氧化节杆菌生物降解苯并芘

A pot experiment was conducted with multi-metal (Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn) contaminated acidic soil to investigate changes in available metal burden resulting from the application of industrial wastes (fly ash and steel slag). The efficiency of amendments-induced metal stabilization was evaluated by diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), sequential extraction, and plant uptake. The stability of remediation was assessed by an acidification test and by chemical equilibrium modeling. Addition of fly ash (20 g kg-1 ) and steel slag (3 g kg-1 ) resulted in similar increase in soil pH. Both amendments significantly decreased the concentrations of metals measured with DGT (C DGT) and the metal uptake by Oryza sativa L. Significant correlations were found between C DGT and the concentration of a combination of metal fractions (exchangeable, bound to carbonates, and bound to Fe/Mn oxides), unraveling the labile species that participate in the flux of metal resupply. The capability of metal resupply, as reflected by the R (ratio of C DGT to pore water metal concentration) values, significantly decreased in the amended soils. The C DGT correlated well with the plant uptake, suggesting that DGT is a good indicator for bioavailability. Acidification raised the extractable metal concentration in amended soil but the concentration did not return to the pre-amendment level. Equilibrium modeling indicated that the soil amendments induced the precipitation of several Fe, Al and Ca minerals, which may play a positive role in metal stabilization. Chemical stabilization with alkaline amendments could be an effective and stable soil remediation strategy for attenuating metal bioavailability and reducing plant metal uptake.     

基于AHP和TOPSIS的污染场地修复技术筛选方法研究

污染场地作为潜在的污染源,多位于城市人口密集区,具有较大环境风险,且随我国城市产业结构的调整有逐年增加的趋势,引起国家的日益重视。目前国内外应用于污染场地修复的技术类型较多,采用科学的方法选择技术适用、经济可行和环境友好的修复技术具有重要意义。在分析了已有的污染场地修复技术筛选方法和解决多参数决策问题的方法及工具的基础上,提出了基于层次分析法（AHP）和逼近理想解的排序法（TOPSIS）的污染场地修复技术筛选决策流程,构建了污染场地修复技术筛选的指标体系,通过领域专家调查和AHP法获得修复技术筛选不同指标的权重,然后采用TOPSIS法对污染场地修复技术进行排序。利用该方法筛选与某案例污染场地的实际筛选结果接近一致。AHP和TOPSIS结合运用于解决复杂的多因素决策问题,既能克服AHP在不易定量化指标上的主观性,又能避免TOPSIS对指标权重的忽视,能够为土地拥有者或环境工作者解决实际修复技术筛选问题提供了有益的工具。     

Adsorption of Cr(VI) ion on synthetic hydrated oxides of iron

Abstract

The adsorption of Cr(VI) ion on synthetic hydrated oxides of iron (goethite (α-FeOOH) and lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH)) with different crystallinities was studied in order to remove the Cr(VI) ion from polluted water. At pH 4.5, the amounts of the adsorbed Cr(V1) ion on goethite and lepidocrocite were 51.9 and 62.2 mmol g^?, respectively. Probably, this is due to the fact that the structure of lepidocrocite is more open than that of goethite. Lepidocrocite, therefore, is more effective for the removal of Cr( V1) ion from Cr(Vl)-contaminated and acidic groundwater and sewage.     

水分调控和钝化剂处理对水稻土镉的钝化效应及其机理

采用盆栽试验,研究了水分管理和钝化剂处理对红壤性水稻土重金属镉的钝化效应及其作用机理。结果表明,在土壤镉含量为0．75mg·kg。下,添加海泡石复配磷肥可以显著提高土壤pH值,长期淹水、常规管理水分条件下,土壤交换态cd分别降低了20．4％和15．7％,碳酸盐结合态cd分别下降了15．5％和14．1％,糙米cd分别降低了52．3％和46．O％。未添加钝化剂条件下,长期淹水处理的根表Fe（Ⅱ）含量比常规处理增加了1．2倍,根表cd含量则是常规处理的82．6％。土壤经钝化处理后,长期淹水和常规管理水分条件下,根表Fe（Ⅱ）分别增加了40．1％和70．0％,而根表cd分别降低了35．3％和42．4％。糙米cd含量与根表Fe（Ⅱ）含量呈显著负相关,与根表cd含量呈显著正相关。土壤Fe“和cd“对水稻根表吸附点位的竞争以及土壤镉较低的生物有效性是钝化处理组糙米镉含量下降的主要原因。