Impact of spray application methodology on the development of resistance to cypermethrin and spinosad by fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith)

The development of resistance to an insecticide under various types of application method has yet to be reported in the literature. Five fall armyworm Spodoptera armigera (JE Smith) colonies were reared in a chamber for ten generations before starting topical application bioassays. From each colony, 200-500 third-fourth-instar larvae were fed for 72 h on corn plants sprayed with cypermethrin or spinosad at minimum application rate (20 g ha(-1)) using a small droplet size nozzle XR8001VS (volume median diameter D(v0.5) = 163 microm) or a large droplet size nozzle XR8008VS (D(v0.5) = 519 microm). Surviving larvae were transferred to untreated corn leaves to complete their life cycle. Next-generation third-instar larvae of each colony were topically dosed with technical cypermethrin or spinosad at 1 microL per larva, and mortality was recorded 24 h post-treatment. The results indicated that cypermethrin demonstrated an insecticidal activity greater than that of spinosad, and the cypermethrin regression lines moved to the right faster than those for spinosad, indicating an increased tolerance of cypermethrin. Generally, larvae from all generations (F1-F7) under the XR8008VS treatments were less susceptible to cypermethrin and developed resistance faster and to higher levels than larvae from the XR8001VS treatments. The confidence limits (95%) of LD(50) for all spinosad treatments indicated that there was no significant difference from the LD(50) value of the susceptible reference strain. The results are a first indication that application technology/insecticide reaction may affect the rapidity of resistance development in certain pest/plant scenarios, but field studies are needed to confirm this conclusion.     

青藏公路沿线风砂堆积的成因及其环境意义

青藏公路沿线发育着三个时期的风砂堆积物。其成因主要是寒区特殊的表生作用——广义的寒冻风化作用。盖砂层对于辐射平衡、热量平衡、水份状况、植被条件、冻土生存以及其本身和相邻地区的环境都有着重大的意义。     

提高腰轮流量计的检定精度

介绍了腰轮流量计的检定原理，分析了检定误差产生的原因，主要原因有：管内壁结蜡导致体积管的标准容积变小；标准体积荼温度测量方法当，取值不准。为了充量计的检定精度，建议；对体积管内壁结蜡问题，应在正式检定前运行４－５个检定球，以便清除体积管内壁的积蜡；关于温度对检定的影响，可采取三种方法，（１）对体积管保温，（２）改进测温方法，（３）体积管实际温度可近似等于油温与室温之和的一半。     

基于GARCH模型的黄金指数与美元指数波动性研究

近几年的黄金市场与美元指数市场波动都比较大,但波动的方向不一致。通过对两者的波动进行研究,主要有单位根检验、ARCH效应的检验、GARCH模型分析以及因果关系检验,结果表明,黄金指数GARCH(1,1)最适合描述其市场波动,美元指数GARCH（2,1）最适合描述其市场波动,美元指数的预测对黄金指数的预测会有帮助。     

Development of Colloidal Gold Rapid Detection Method of β-lactams and Tetracyclines in Milk

Colloidal gold immunochromatographic was uesd for the determination of β-lactams and tetracyclines in milk. Tetracyclines hapten was obtained by chemical synthesis. Immunogen and envelope antigen were prepared by cephalosporins and tetracyclines hapten coupled to carrier protein. Monoclonal antibodies were obtained by immunogen immunizing mice. A rapid and simple colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay was established for the determination of β-lactams and tetracyclines in milk. 12 kinds of β-lactams and 4 kinds of tetracyclines were detected at the same time by the strip. The milk sample could be used to be detected without dilution. The detection time could be 3 to 5 min. The method could be efficiently used for mass samples screening in primary laboratory.     

氮磷钾配施下赤红壤区粉葛的肥料效应及产量和品质研究

为探明赤红壤区粉葛(Pueraria thomsonii Benth)高效栽培的合理施肥技术,采用“3414”随机区组设计,研究氮、磷、钾配施对桂中南赤红壤区粉葛的肥料效应及产量和品质的影响,通过拟合肥料效应函数方程确定粉葛种植的最优施肥配方。结果表明,粉葛的产量及经济效益随着氮、磷、钾施肥量的增加表现出先上升后下降的趋势,减量施肥(1水平)、正常施肥(2水平)和过量施肥(3水平)处理的产量分别较不施肥处理提高了59%、87%和42%,经济效益也相应增加了53%、79%和32%,而缺素处理(N₀P₂K₂、N₂P₀K₂、N₂P₂K₀)结果与对照差异不显著。减量施氮(N₁P₂K₂)处理的粉葛淀粉含量(40%)最高,减量施肥(N₁P₂K₂、N₂P₁K₂、N₂P₂K₁)处理的葛根素含量平均值为1.65 mg·g^-1,高于其他处理;肥料的交互效应显示,N与P存在正交互作用,而N、P与K均呈负交互作用。N₁P₂K₂配施方案更能兼顾粉葛的产量和品质,以产量、品质及经济效益为目标,对多元回归模型进行优化,明确桂中南赤红壤区条件下粉葛产量≥35 000 kg·hm^-2、经济效益≥150 000元·hm^-2的施肥方案为施氮(N)量312~455 kg·hm^-2, 施磷(P₂O₅)量397~547 kg·hm^-2,施钾(K₂O)量362~489 kg·hm^-2。本研究结果可为赤红壤区粉葛精准、规范化施肥提供科学依据。     

Sediment Aggregation and Regulation for Chongqing Reach of the Fluctuating Backwater District in Three Georges Reservoir

Chongqing downtown river reach lies in the fluctuating backwater district of Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR).After running on the 175M scheme of the TGR,it shows that the deposits increase accumulatively with the TGR running in the downtown reach,the bed sand will be finer,the river bar will be widen and higher,there will be bed evolution and the backwater area upwards.The sediment aggregation brings out important influence on harbor,navigation,the infrastructures and eco-environment along both banks of the reach.Combined with various respects of research achievements,the main engineering measurements are put forward in order to decrease the influence,such as soil conservation and building reservoirs upstream to prevent sand sedimentation,narrowing the flow to wash sand,bank regulation,harbor reconstruction and navigable channel treatment,etc.These measures have very good effect on decreasing deposition and eliminating the negative effects.     

龙岗酸性气田低流速管道流动特征

针对龙岗酸性气田某些集输管道内积液和腐蚀严重的问题,基于气井采出流体的性质及输气管道基本运行参数,采用OLGA软件模拟两条典型的低流速管道及不同流量下的001—6#采气管道,分析两条管道内的流型、持液率以及流体与管壁间的剪切力沿管道的变化规律,研究流量对001—6#采气管道内各流动特征参数的影响规律。结果表明：OLGA软件模拟两条采气管道的压降和温降与实际生产数据一致,其模拟结果可靠;下坡管内持液率小于0．05,流体与管壁间的剪切力小于20Pa,上坡管内持液率为0．3～0．4,液相一管壁最大剪切力为80-270Pa,上坡管段是积液和腐蚀严重的区域;气体流量对龙岗001—6#低流速采气管道的流动特征参数影响很大,进一步减小气体流量会使上坡管内持液率及液体一管壁剪切力急剧增大,从而加剧管内积液和腐蚀;当气体流量增大至97．5×10^4m^3／d时,管内的持液率和管壁剪切力均很低,管内积液和腐蚀问题有所缓解。（表6,图6,参9）     

猪瘟胶体金免疫层析快速诊断法的建立及应用

运用胶体金免疫层析技术,建立一种操作简单、灵敏度高、特异性好,能区分强弱毒感染,适合临床诊断的检测猪瘟病毒的方法。本试验利用大肠杆菌表达猪瘟病毒E2蛋白作为弱毒抗原,利用PK15细胞培养纯化后的猪瘟病毒强毒用作强毒抗原,研制了胶体金免疫层析猪瘟病毒抗体检测试纸条。结果显示,经过37℃破坏,该试验方法制备的试纸条仍具有很好的稳定性;与间接血凝法、美国IDEXX酶免试剂比较,发现该试纸条灵敏度在一定程度上优于前者;用多种病毒、病原菌阳性血清考核,显示该试纸条亦具有较高特异性。该试纸条的研制为猪瘟的快速诊断提供了一种更加实用的方法。     

赤红壤旱地土壤有机质的消长规律

采用不同的输套作制度及其所产生的稿秆、绿肥等回田并配合施用无机肥料的培肥管理措施,在莆田沿海赤红壤旱地进行两年的小区和示范片的试验,结果表明:两年来土壤有机质增加0.07％—0.38％,全氮含量增加0.01％—0.05％,有机物质的年分解率达38％—76％,有机物质的腐殖化系数为0.1—0.25,土壤有机质的氧化稳定度保持在0.52—0.69。这说明土壤自身的物质和能量已逐渐进入良性的交换循环中,预计按此模式进行培育土壤有机质,在今后的一二十年内土壤有机质可达到2％左右。