不同金属盐强化乙醇/水预处理对蔗渣酶解效率的影响

预处理过程可以破坏木质纤维素生物质的致密结构、降低生物抗性,是木质纤维素生物质经酶解制备糖基平台化学的重要步骤。该研究以蔗渣为原料,在预处理温度为160 ℃、预处理时间为10 min时,选取0.025 mol/L 的不同金属盐FeCl₃、CrCl₃、AlCl₃、CuCl₂、FeCl₂、ZnCl₂、MnCl₂、MgCl₂、CaCl₂、NaCl、LiCl、Na₂CO₃对蔗渣进行乙醇/水预处理,并对预处理后样品进行酶解,探究不同金属盐强化乙醇/水预处理对蔗渣酶解效率的影响和规律,并进一步通过扫描电镜（scanning electron microscopy, SEM）、X射线衍射（X-ray diffraction, XRD）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR）和热重（thermogravimetric, TG）对蔗渣原料和预处理后的固体进行表征,探究金属盐强化乙醇/水预处理后蔗渣表面形貌与结构变化对酶解效率的影响,分析作用机理。结果表明:与原料甘蔗渣相比,不同金属盐强化乙醇/水预处理后样品中葡聚糖的质量分数从45.5%增加到77.2%,预处理后样品酶解48h后的葡萄糖得率也由51.14%增加到最高93.08%。其中,三价金属盐（FeCl₃、CrCl₃和AlCl₃）对蔗渣酶解效率的提升最为显著,这可归因于三价金属盐强化乙醇/水预处理可以更加有效的去除蔗渣中的半纤维素和木质素,增加酶对纤维素的可及性。后续表征分析也表明经过三价金属盐（FeCl₃、CrCl₃和AlCl₃）强化乙醇/水预处理后的样品比经过二价金属盐（CuCl₂、FeCl₂、ZnCl₂、MnCl₂、MgCl₂和CaCl₂）和一价金属盐（NaCl、LiCl和Na₂CO₃）强化乙醇/水预处理表面结构破坏更为彻底,结晶度相对增加最大,木素和半纤维素去除率最多,热稳定性也相对最高。该研究结果将为后续木质纤维素生物质的高效转化与利用提供参考。     

长期施氮肥对黄棕壤微生物生物性状的影响及其调控因素

基于黄棕壤小麦-甘薯轮作的长期定位试验,探究不同施氮处理土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)含量和酶活性的变化及其潜在调控因子,为科学施氮提高土壤质量和改善土壤生态功能提供依据。试验选取始于2011年4个施氮处理:不施肥(CK)、不施氮肥(PK)、施化学氮肥(NPK)和化学氮肥配施有机肥(NPKM),调查两季作物收获后土壤MBC和MBN含量、酶活性及微生物碳氮利用效率的变化,并通过冗余分析(RDA)和结构方程模型(SEM)明确调控弱酸性黄棕壤中MBC和MBN变化的潜在因素。小麦和甘薯两季的结果表明:施氮肥降低了土壤MBC、MBN含量和蔗糖酶(SSC)、脲酶(SUE)活性,与NPK处理相比, NPKM处理增加了MBC、MBN含量和SSC、SUE活性。长期施用氮肥提高了土壤有机碳(SOC)和土壤养分[全氮(TN)和矿质态氮(MN)]含量,但施氮肥显著降低土壤p H以及微生物的碳氮利用效率。与小麦季相比,甘薯季土壤SOC和MN含量有所下降,而MBN含量和SSC活性有所升高。RDA和SEM结果表明,氮肥的施用强化了MBC与MBN、SSC与MBC以及SUE与MBC之间的关联性;不同施氮处理下土壤p H、有机碳、氮含量以及微生物的碳氮利用效率的变化直接或间接地影响土壤MBC、MBN含量和SSC、SUE活性,其中p H是调控土壤MBC变化的直接因素,而土壤SSC和SUE活性与MBC、MBN含量相互影响。长期施用氮肥降低了黄棕壤MBC、MBN含量和酶活性,化学氮肥配施有机肥有利于缓解生物性状的下降,土壤p H是影响MBC变化的主要因素,小麦-甘薯轮作中土壤微生物强烈的碳代谢过程利于增加MBN。     

拔节-孕穗期淹涝胁迫对水稻生长的后效影响

为探究每年7-8月（拔节-孕穗期）洪涝淹没对水稻生长的后效影响,以Ⅱ优898为试验对象,在安徽新马桥农水试验站开展为期2 a的水稻淹涝胁迫试验。试验设置了具有不同淹水深度（半淹、3/4淹、全淹）和淹水持续时间（5、7、9 d）组合的9个试验组,以及正常控水的对照组。在淹水胁迫结束后,对后胁迫时期水稻的叶片光合特性、根系生长情况、植株干物质分配和相应产量进行了多次观测。结果表明,淹涝胁迫在一定程度上抑制了叶片气孔导度和光合速率,但在胁迫解除后会逐渐恢复甚至出现补偿现象,其恢复进程受前期淹涝程度影响。淹涝胁迫使水稻的干物质分配策略更倾向于叶和茎,并随着前期淹涝程度加重而愈发明显;在复水后第20天,半淹组的平均茎叶干物质分配系数相比于对照组增加了7.9%,而全淹组则增加了32.9%。水稻产量与其在后胁迫时期的茎叶干物质分配系数存在显著的相关关系,相关系数为0.875（P=0.023）;水稻产量随着茎叶干物质分配系数的增加、叶片气孔导度和光合速率的减小而减少。该研究针对拔节-孕穗期发生的淹涝胁迫,重点对后胁迫时期水稻的光合特性及干物质分配策略进行了分析,初步探讨了水稻涝害减产的潜在机理,为提出稻田涝后减灾管理措施提供了一定的理论依据。     

沙地滴灌春玉米最适氮磷钾配方施肥研究

探索沙地春玉米(Zea mays L.)最适滴灌施肥方案是提高其产量和生物量积累的有效途径.采用三因素D饱和最优设计试验,研究了不同氮磷钾配方施肥对玉米产量及拔节期、抽雄期和收获期玉米干物质量的影响,结果表明:(1)氮磷钾不同配施可提高产量32.60％～52.90％;产量方程和两因子互作效应分析表明,氮磷钾配施有效提高...     

不同林龄杉木林下套种阔叶树对土壤磷组分的影响

套种是杉木人工林经营的重要措施,磷是南方森林生态系统中主要限制性养分元素之一,但套种模式对土壤磷素的影响尚不明确。以亚热带杉木人工林表层(0-10 cm)土壤为对象,研究套种林(杉阔套种幼林、杉阔套种成熟林)和杉木幼林土壤理化性质和土壤各形态磷含量差异,分析套种对杉木人工林土壤磷含量的影响。结果表明:(1)不同套种林显著改变土壤总磷、土壤总无机磷、土壤总有机磷、土壤微生物生物量磷(MBP)和土壤酸性磷酸酶活性(APA),大小顺序均为杉阔套种成熟林>杉阔套种幼林>杉木幼林。(2)土壤各磷组分中活性磷含量较低,其中NaHCO3-Po在活性组分中占主导;土壤NaOH-Po是中等活性磷的主要组分,杉阔套种成熟林尤为显著;闭蓄态磷(Residual-P)在总磷含量中最高。(3)与杉木幼林相比,杉阔套种成熟林显著增加了树脂提取态磷(Resin-Pi)、碳酸氢钠提取态有机和无机磷(NaHCO3-Pi、NaHCO3-Po)、氢氧化钠提取态有机和无机磷(NaOH-Pi、NaOH-Po)、氢氧化钠残留提取态有机磷(NaOHu.s-Po)、盐酸提取态磷(HCl-Pi)和闭蓄态磷(Residual-P)含量;土壤总无机磷、NaHCO3-Po、HCl-Pi、NaHCO3-Pi、NaOHu.s-Pi和Residual-P对杉阔套种幼林的响应不敏感。(4)除含水率外不同林龄下杉阔套种林土壤磷形态与土壤理化性质(土壤总碳氮、土壤可溶性有机氮、土壤微生物生物量磷、酸性磷酸酶)呈正相关性(P<0.05)。冗余分析表明,土壤磷组分的变化主要受MBP调控,且MBP与有机磷组分(NaOHu.s-Po、NaOH-Po)和HCI-Pi呈显著正相关。总之,套种林的土壤磷素有效性高于杉木幼林,土壤养分状况更佳。     

Short term soil priming effects and the mineralisation of biochar following its incorporation to soils of different pH

The aim of this work was to determine the magnitude of the priming effect, i.e. short-term changes in the rate (negative or positive) of mineralisation of native soil organic carbon (C), following addition of biochars. The biochars were made from Miscanthus giganteus, a C4 plant, naturally enriched with ¹³C. The biochars were produced at 350 °C (biochar350) and 700 °C (biochar700) and applied with and without ryegrass as a substrate to a clay-loam soil at pH 3.7 and 7.6. A secondary aim was to determine the effect of ryegrass addition on the mineralisation of the two biochars.After 87 days, biochar350 addition caused priming effects equivalent to 250 and 319 μg CO₂-C g⁻¹ soil, in the low and high pH soil, respectively. The largest priming effects occurred at the start of the incubations. The size of the priming effect was decreased at higher biochar pyrolysis temperatures, which may be a way of controlling priming effects following biochar incorporation to soil, if desired. The priming effect was probably induced by the water soluble components of the biochar. At 87 days of incubation, 0.14% and 0.18% of biochar700 and 0.61% and 0.84% of biochar350 were mineralized in the low and high pH soil, respectively. Ryegrass addition gave an increased biochar350 mineralisation of 33% and 40%, and increased biochar700 at 137% and 70%, in the low and high pH soils, respectively. Certainly, on the basis of our results, if biochar is used to sequester carbon a priming effect may occur, increasing CO₂-C evolved from soil and decreasing soil organic C. However, this will be more than compensated for by the increased soil C caused by biochar incorporation. A similar conclusion holds for accelerated mineralisation of biochar due to incorporation of fresh labile substrates. We consider that our results are the first to unequivocally demonstrate the initiation, progress and termination of a true positive priming effect by biochar on native soil organic C.     

小麦–玉米轮作体系长期施肥对塿土微生物量碳、氮及酶活性的影响

以20年塿土小麦玉米轮作体系长期肥料定位试验为平台,探讨不同施肥模式下土壤化学肥力要素、微生物量碳氮及酶活性的响应。试验包括不施肥（CK）、单施氮肥（N）、氮磷（NP）、磷钾（PK）、氮磷钾（NPK）、NPK+秸秆（SNPK）以及不同量有机肥+NPK（M1NPK、M2NPK）等8种施肥模式。结果表明,与CK相比,长期施用NP提高土壤有机碳含量达34.0%、全氮34.0%、全磷58.5%、速效磷608.9%、微生物量碳23.3%、微生物量氮54.0%、蔗糖酶53.9%、脲酶132.6%、碱性磷酸酶29.9%以及脱氢酶40.9%。长期施用NPK与NP效果相似,钾素效果甚微。作物秸秆还田配合氮磷钾化肥与氮磷钾相比没有明显影响土壤有机碳、氮和磷水平,但是显著提高微生物量碳的含量（29.5%）、碱性磷酸酶（23.0%）和脱氢酶（26.9%）的活性。有机肥配合氮磷钾与其它施肥处理相比,显著提升土壤化学肥力要素、微生物量碳氮和酶活性,特别是引起了磷素的大量富集（速效磷含量大于150 mg/kg）。因此,塿土不施有机物情况下,氮磷配合可以提高土壤化学和生物肥力,作物秸秆还田配合氮磷钾化肥的培肥效果优于氮磷钾化肥配合,而合理的有机无机肥配合是塿土提升化学肥力和保证生物健康的最佳施肥模式。     

Considering sink strength to model crop production under elevated atmospheric CO2

Climatic changes and elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations will affect crop growth and production in the near future. Rising CO₂ concentration is a novel environmental aspect that should be considered when projections for future agricultural productivity are made. In addition to a reducing effect on stomatal conductance and crop transpiration, elevated CO₂ concentration can stimulate crop production. The magnitude of this stimulatory effect (‘CO₂ fertilization’) is subject of discussion. In this study, different calculation procedures of the generic crop model AquaCrop based on a foregoing theoretical framework and a meta-analysis of field responses, respectively, were evaluated against experimental data of free air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) environments. A flexible response of the water productivity parameter of the model to CO₂ concentration was introduced as the best option to consider crop sink strength and responsiveness to CO₂. By varying the response factor, differences in crop sink capacity and trends in breeding and management, which alter crop responsiveness, can be addressed. Projections of maize (Zea mays L.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production reflecting the differences in responsiveness were simulated for future time horizons when elevated CO₂ concentrations and climatic changes are expected. Variation in future yield potential associated with sink strength could be as high as 27% of the total production. Thus, taking into account crop sink strength and variation in responsiveness is equally relevant to considering climatic changes and elevated CO₂ concentration when assessing future crop production. Indicative values representing the crop responsiveness to elevated CO₂ concentration were proposed for all crops currently available in the database of AquaCrop as a first step in reducing part of the uncertainty involved in modeling future agricultural production.     

Relative abundance and activity of melanized hyphae in different soil ecosystems

Here we report on the frequency of melanized fungal hyphae in 323 soils, covering different land use types. The proportion of total hyphae that was melanized averaged 61%. Arable fields with loamy sand, heathlands and city parks on sandy soils had the highest percentage of melanized hyphae. In addition to the frequency determinations, a microcosm study was performed on the role of melanized hyphae in two different ecosystems: an ex-arable field and a forest. Melanized hyphae appeared to be part of the active hyphae in the forest soil but not in the ex-arable soil. In conclusion, our results indicate that (1) melanized hyphae represent a large proportion of the total fungal biomass in soils and that (2) their function might differ between ecosystems.     

硫脲对花生苗期的毒理效应研究

通过盆栽试验,研究了硝化抑制剂硫脲对花生的生物量、叶片金属离子含量、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量的影响。结果表明,在低浓度硫脲范围内,其对花生的生长有明显的促进作用,叶片叶绿素含量较高,3种酶的活性随硫脲浓度的增加而升高,体内MDA含量随硫脲浓度的增加而降低;但当硫脲浓度达到5．0mmol·kg^-1。土时,对植株和根系的生长产生了明显的抑制作用,叶片叶绿素含量明显降低,3种酶的活性明显降低,体内MDA的含量显著增加,表明此时硫脲对花生产生了明显的胁迫和毒害作用。