纳米SiO2/氨基淀粉黏合剂秸秆炭的结构及除磷特性

将秸秆粉用氨基淀粉黏合剂均相包覆,并掺杂纳米二氧化硅(nano SiO_2),采用原位发泡、炭化处理技术制备成纳米SiO_2/氨基淀粉黏合剂秸秆炭(掺杂纳米SiO_2秸秆多孔颗粒炭,nano SiO_2/AR-biochar)。通过透射电镜(transmission electron microscope,TEM)、热稳定性(thermogravimetry,TG)、扫描电镜-能谱扫描(scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer,SEM-EDS)、比表面积与孔分析(Brunauer,Emmett and Teller,BET)、氮气吸附和压缩测试等技术手段对nano SiO_2/AR-biochar的孔结构特征、比表面积、微观形貌及压应力进行系统表征,并研究了nano SiO_2/AR-biochar对磷酸根吸附过程等温线及动力学模型。结果表明,掺杂nano SiO_2/AR-biochar孔结构分布匀称、比表面积大幅改善;TEM和SEM发现,掺杂nano SiO_2秸秆多孔颗粒炭材料的表面可形成类似海绵絮状结构,为炭材料提供较高的吸附位点;掺杂nano SiO_2可显著提高炭材料的机械压缩性能,当掺杂量为秸秆粉质量的6%时,压缩强度由3.89 MPa增加到7.96 MPa,增幅达104.6%。由于纳米SiO_2的掺杂,nano SiO_2/AR-biochar具有了更强除磷效果,且吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,在短时间内(5 min)其吸附率可高达18.42 mg/g,体现了该掺杂纳米二氧化硅秸秆多孔颗粒炭具有良好的除磷特性。     

Soil organic and inorganic carbon sequestration by consecutive biochar application: Results from a decade field experiment

Biochar addition can expand soil organic carbon (SOC) stock and has potential ability in mitigating climate change. Also, some incubation experiments have shown that biochar can increase soil inorganic carbon (SIC) contents. However, there is no direct evidence for this from the field experiment. In order to make up the sparseness of available data resulting from the long‐term effect of biochar amendment on soil carbon fractions, here we detected the contents and stocks of the bulk SIC and SOC fractions based on a 10‐year field experiment of consecutive biochar application in Shandong Province, China. There are three biochar treatments as no‐biochar (control), and biochar application at 4.5 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 (B4.5) and 9.0 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 (B9.0), respectively. The results showed that biochar application significantly enhanced SIC content (3.2%–24.3%), >53 μm particulate organic carbon content (POC, 38.2%–166.2%) and total soil organic carbon content (15.8%–82.2%), compared with the no‐biochar control. However, <53 μm silt–clay‐associated organic carbon (SCOC) content was significantly decreased (14%–27%) under the B9.0 treatment. Our study provides the direct field evidence that SIC contributed to carbon sequestration after the biochar application, and indicates that the applied biochar was allocated mainly in POC fraction. Further, the decreased SCOC and increased microbial biomass carbon contents observed in field suggest that the biochar application might exert a positive priming effect on native soil organic carbon.     

Challenges in organic component selection and biochar as an opportunity in potting substrates: a review

Plant production in potting substrates provides maximum profit on the applied inputs, and hence, directly improving the socio-economic condition of the grower/nurserymen. The main challenge in this industry is sourcing of materials for their potting substrates. Peat and perlite have been widely preferred materials. However, recently higher prices, more restrictive legislation of many countries and wetland ecosystem destruction through its extraction has limited peat use. Nowadays, producers focus towards peat alternatives that provide good performance, are readily available, inexpensive and environment friendly to attain sustainability in potted plant production. In an effort to grasp sustainability during the last few decades, many industrial and agricultural waste materials were reviewed for their use in potting substrates. In these studies, the major focus remained on material characterization, neglecting their economics, technical aspects and environmental impacts. Thus, switching from peat and perlite to alternatives requires material exploration. In the present review, we summarize a clearer and practical approach for substituting different materials especially biochar to fulfill the need of modern potting substrate industry. Biochar has the potential to sustain the substrate production on a long-term basis.     

Biochar has little effect on soil dissolved organic carbon pool 5 years after biochar application under field condition

Biochar application can improve soil properties, such as increasing soil organic carbon content, soil pH and water content. These properties are important to soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC); however, the effects of biochar on DOC concentration and composition have received little research attention, especially several years after biochar application under field conditions. This study was conducted in a long‐term experimental field where the biochar was only applied once in 2009. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of different biochar application rates (0, 30, 60 and 90 t ha^?1) on the dynamics of soil water content, DOC concentration and DOC compositions (reducing sugar, soluble phenol and aromatics) over nine samplings during a 12‐month period in 2014. Our results showed that soil water content and DOC concentration varied from 7.1% to 14.5% and 59 to 230 mg C kg^?1 soil during the 12 months, respectively. However, the biochar application rates did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect soil water content, DOC concentration and DOC composition at the same sampling period. The DOC concentration across the biochar treatments was positively correlated to soil water content. Moreover, the DOC composition (reducing sugar, soluble phenol or aromatics) and their concentrations were positively correlated to the total DOC concentration. In addition, biochar did not affect soil bulk density, pH, saturated hydraulic conductivity and crop yields. The results indicated that some benefits of biochar to soil may not persist 5 years after the application of biochar under a field condition.     

日本落叶松人工林生长预测的全林分模型研究

以长岭岗林场日本落叶松人工林中的固定样地以及临时样地调查数据为基础，从模型间的相容性出发，建立了包含立地指数SI、林分密度SDI、林分断面积生长模型、树高曲线动态模型和林分收获模型的全林分模型系统，着重探讨了用Korf方程构造林分断面积生长模型时有关参数与SI和SDI的关系。     

林豆复合生态系统土壤理化性质的研究

本文对混种大豆的落叶松.大豆、水曲柳-大豆复合生态系统土壤理化性质进行研究。结果表明,在一个生长季内混种后的土壤物理性质得到了改善。落叶松.大豆与水曲柳一大豆复合生态系统的土壤容重为1.112g/cm3和1.058g/cm3均低于相对应的纯林:混种大豆后土壤总孔隙度增加。两种林-豆复合生态系统土壤有机质分别比对应纯林高1.77倍和1.09倍:落叶松一大豆复合生态系统全氮和水解氮含量分别高于落叶松纯林4.2%和53.0/%,水曲柳-大豆复合生态系统全氮和水解氮含量分别高于水曲柳纯林75.5%和3.3%:混种大豆后全磷含量降低,而有效磷含量则增加:落叶松-大豆复合生态系统全钾和有效钾比落叶松纯林高0.6%和17.5%,水曲柳-大豆复合生态系统全钾和有效钾分别比水曲柳纯林高56.4%和21.8%。图1表3参27。     

日本落叶松无性系微纤丝角遗传变异的研究

对10个10年生日本落叶松无性系的早材和晚材微纤丝角进行了测定,结果表明:早、晚材微纤丝角无性系间差异极显著,同一年轮内早材微纤丝角大于晚材.日本落叶松微纤丝角的径向变异规律为:在髓心处最大,以后逐渐减小.早、晚材微纤丝角与树木年轮间的变异模式(径向变异)以对数和乘幂式方程拟合效果较好,R2(R为相关系数)均在0.8以上.早、晚材微纤丝角同树高、形率、树皮厚度、主枝粗、枝干比、主枝夹角、主枝长的相关关系不显著,早、晚材微纤丝角同胸径、冠幅的相关关系达到显著水平;早材与晚材的微纤丝角也相关显著.早材和晚材的微纤丝角受中到强度遗传控制,广义遗传力分别为0.767 4、0.804 3.按照20%的选择率,早材和晚材的微纤丝角的遗传增益分别为21.82%和29.75%.     

生物炭对植烟土壤养分的影响

为探讨生物炭作为土壤改良剂对植烟土壤养分含量的影响,以湖南烟区主要栽培品种云烟87为试验材料,通过大田试验研究了不同的生物炭用量(CK:0 kg/hm~2;T1:3 000 kg/hm~2;T2:3 750 kg/hm~2;T3:4 500kg/hm~2)下植烟土壤中的养分含量。结果表明:施用生物炭能够显著提高植烟土壤有机质、碱解氮、铵态氮及速效钾含量,且随着生物炭施用量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,从改良土壤肥力效果来看,生物炭施用量在3 750 kg/hm~2的水平下较为适宜。     

Changes of decay and termite durabilities of Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis) wood due to high-temperature kiln drying processes

We investigated the effects of high-temperature drying schedules (120°–130°C) on decay and termite feeding of Japanese larch timbers. Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted to investigate changes of the wood components. Decay and termite feeding tests showed that specimens dried under high-temperature schedules were susceptible against a decaying fungus Fomitopsis palustris and attacks from termites Coptotermes formosanus and Reticulitermes speratus. These drying schedules changed chemical components, which were suggested by the thermal analytical result compared to the control sample. The results of this study indicated that the acceleration of termite feeding takes place even under temperatures that are comparatively lower than that used in our previous research in which 170°C steaming treatment was applied to Japanese larch wood. Decay durability against a brown rot fungus also decreased, possibly from production of low molecular weight fragments when hemicellulose decreased during the high-temperature drying processes.     

生物炭和石灰对红壤理化性质及烟草苗期生长影响的差异

我国南方红壤普遍存在酸性强、铝毒和有效养分含量低等特性,本文研究了生物炭和石灰对红壤理化性质及烟草生长的差异,为烟田红壤改良提供理论基础。采用盆栽试验,设置0、0.5%、1%、2%生物炭用量与传统石灰用量(0.3%)等5个处理,研究了其对红壤pH值、交换性铝和锰、有效态矿质养分含量,以及烟草农艺性状、烟叶矿质养分含量等的影响。结果表明:施用生物炭或石灰后,烟草株高、茎粗和叶片数目等农艺性状明显改善,生物量显著提高。0.5%和1%生物炭处理烟叶的N、P、K、Ca和Mg含量较对照处理明显提高,但2%生物炭处理,烟叶N含量比对照处理降低了9.3%。与对照处理相比,石灰处理中烟叶的N、P和Ca含量增加,K和Mg含量下降。施用生物炭和石灰均能够提高红壤pH值,降低其交换性铝含量;且施用生物炭土壤的碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、交换性钙和交换性镁含量均高于对照处理;而石灰处理仅交换性钙含量增加,交换性锰含量则减少。因此,施用生物炭和石灰均能促进红壤中烟草的生长,并有效改善红壤的理化性状。