基于土地利用/覆被变化的绿洲城市土地生态风险综合评价——以甘州区为例

土地利用/覆被变化通过改变土地生态系统的结构和功能,影响地区生态系统的安全与健康程度。基于甘州区2001-2008年的土地利用变更数据,建立土地利用生态风险评价指标,结合马尔可夫概率转移矩阵,对该区域土地利用变化的生态效益风险及其社会影响进行综合评价。同时,借助GIS技术与相关统计分析方法,对甘州区2008年土地利用/覆被现状存在的生态风险进行空间量化分析。研究表明：① 2008年,甘州区土地利用/覆被存在的生态风险集中在耕地和未利用地,两者的比例占全区总面积的87.32%;② 甘州区土地利用类型研究期内发生了复杂的相互转换,地类交错地带生态风险尤为显著;③ 土地利用程度指数的上升,反映出土地利用的广度、深度不断增加,土地利用处于发展期;④ 甘州区2008年较2001年的土地综合风险指数有所上升,人类活动的影响在一定程度上增加了区域潜在的生态风险。     

宝鸡市12区县水资源生态安全基尼系数分析

为了能够统筹安排宝鸡市的水资源,提高水资源的利用率,对未来区域经济发展中如何确保生态安全提出对策提供一定的参考依据,本研究结合宝鸡市12区、县水资源的现状,应用洛伦兹曲线的基本原理及基尼系数计算方法,对2009年宝鸡市的水资源与耕地资源、GDP和人口布局等的匹配程度进行分析。计算得到宝鸡市水资源与耕地资源、GDP、人口匹配的基尼系数分别是0.3527、0.4501、0.5472,可以认为宝鸡市水资源与耕地资源匹配较好,而与GDP和人口分布匹配却极不平衡。     

农业景观与害虫种群控制

20世纪以来,我国农村城镇化和农业设施化的快速发展,造成农业景观的急剧变化以及农田生境的破碎化。国内外十分重视这种景观变化对农业生态系统功能和生物多样性以及害虫种群控制的影响。本文针对国内外有关农业景观变化和生境破碎化对昆虫与天敌群落组成、多样性及种群序列变化的影响研究进行系统论述,着重介绍农业景观变化对害虫种群控制的原理和作用机理,分析景观结构与农田生物多样性,及寄主—寄生物、猎物—捕食者、植物—害虫—天敌的相互关系,以及影响这种关系的景观因子作用力的模拟,旨在揭示农业景观变化对害虫种群动态的潜在影响,提示了今后害虫治理研究的热点问题。     

The need to implement the landscape of fear within rodent pest management strategies

Current reactive pest management methods have serious drawbacks such as the heavy reliance on chemicals, emerging genetic rodenticide resistance and high secondary exposure risks. Rodent control needs to be based on pest species ecology and ethology to facilitate the development of ecologically based rodent management (EBRM). An important aspect of EBRM is a strong understanding of rodent pest species ecology, behaviour and spatiotemporal factors. Gaining insight into the behaviour of pest species is a key aspect of EBRM. The landscape of fear (LOF) is a mapping of the spatial variation in the foraging cost arising from the risk of predation, and reflects the levels of fear a prey species perceives at different locations within its home range. In practice, the LOF maps habitat use as a result of perceived fear, which shows where bait or traps are most likely to be encountered and used by rodents. Several studies have linked perceived predation risk of foraging animals with quitting‐harvest rates or giving‐up densities (GUDs). GUDs have been used to reflect foraging behaviour strategies of predator avoidance, but to our knowledge very few papers have directly used GUDs in relation to pest management strategies. An opportunity for rodent control strategies lies in the integration of the LOF of rodents in EBRM methodologies. Rodent management could be more efficient and effective by concentrating on those areas where rodents perceive the least levels of predation risk. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

甘肃兰州市耕地动态变化与驱动力关系定量研究

利用1990～2004年兰州市耕地统计资料,对该地区耕地资源利用与变化的基本特征和主要驱动机制进行了分析。运用主成分分析法对耕地变化及其影响因子的关系进行了定量研究,将其概括为人口经济因素和农业科技因素。在此基础上,建立了耕地动态变化与社会驱动因子之间的回归模型。     

扬州城市道路部分绿化树种滞尘效应研究

以扬州市城区干道绿化树种为试材,研究了滞尘指标以及树种、地段、季节因素等对叶面滞尘效应评价的影响。结果表明:叶片滞尘量测定值在一定程度上可以反映客观环境空气中的颗粒物含量,以文昌路的最大、校园次之、公园最小,其与采样地点的影响密切相关;常绿灌木的叶片滞尘量较大,则表现为对地面粉尘的拦截能力强。因受树种单叶面积大小、树冠密集度、整株叶量多少和叶片组织结构等制约,各滞尘量指标间不尽一致。乔木树种中:单叶滞尘量(mg)与单位面积滞尘量(g/m2)反映一致,为广玉兰悬铃木银杏枫杨女贞香樟,干重滞尘量(mg/g)变化较大,为枫杨银杏悬铃木广玉兰女贞香樟;综合各项指标比较,以落叶树种的滞尘能力占优势,仅广玉兰的单位面积滞尘量表现最高。灌木树种中:单叶滞尘量(mg)、干重滞尘量(mg/g)均以珊瑚树最大,而单位面积滞尘量(g/m2)以小叶黄杨最大。叶片滞尘量的季节性变化与秸秆焚烧等大气污染的动态变化具有明显的相关性,其中:广玉兰以5月值最高,余皆以10月值最高。     

安顺市环城林带绿化设计方案初步分析

阐述了安顺市环城林带绿化建设工程的绿化设计方案,对设计方案中的立地类型划分、树种选择、造林类型及混交设计、造林密度和配置方式等进行了初步分析,并对后期管理提出建议。     

Human Impacts on Forest Biodiversity in Protected Walnut-Fruit Forests in Kyrgyzstan

We used a spatially explicit model of forest dynamics, supported by empirical field data and socioeconomic data, to examine the impacts of human disturbances on a protected forest landscape in Kyrgyzstan. Local use of 27 fruit and nut species was recorded and modeled. Results indicated that in the presence of fuelwood cutting with or without grazing, species of high socioeconomic importance such as Juglans regia, Malus spp., and Armeniaca vulgaris were largely eliminated from the landscape after 50–150 yr. In the absence of disturbance or in the presence of grazing only, decline of these species occurred at a much lower rate, owing to competitive interactions between tree species. This suggests that the current intensity of fuelwood harvesting is not sustainable. Conversely, current grazing intensities were found to have relatively little impact on forest structure and composition, and could potentially play a positive role in supporting regeneration of tree species. These results indicate that both positive and negative impacts on biodiversity can arise from human populations living within a protected area. Potentially, these could be reconciled through the development of participatory approaches to conservation management within this reserve, to ensure the maintenance of its high conservation value while meeting human needs.     

丁香的文化意蕴及其在园林绿化中的应用

丁香是我国的传统名花名树,具有株形优美、花繁叶茂的观赏特性和抗性好、适应性强的优良生态习性。本文归纳了我国常用丁香品种的植物学特性、生态习性和园林用途,阐述了丁香的文化底蕴,分析了作为园林绿化树种的优势,提出了在园林绿化中的主要配置方式。