柴达木盆地次生盐渍化撂荒地的改良与利用

在分析了柴达木盆地次生盐渍化撂荒地的成因的基础上，对生物改良和利用撂荒地的大量试验结果进行了分析和总结，提出了封育一灌溉和建植入工草是改良与利用盐渍化撂荒化撂荒地的有效途径，并阐述了在柴达木盆地建立草地农业生态系统的必要性 。     

Managing field margins for biodiversity and carbon sequestration: a Great Britain case study

Abstract. Field margins are a valuable resource in the farmed landscape, providing numerous environmental benefits. We present a preliminary analysis of the carbon mitigation potential of different field margin management options for Great Britain, calculated using data from long-term experiments and literature estimates. The carbon sequestration potential of the individual options investigated here varies from 0.1 to 2.4% of 1990 UK CO₂-C emissions, or 0.7–20% of the Quantified Emission Limitation Reduction Commitment (QELRC). The scenarios investigated covered three possible margin widths and options for the management of margins at each width (viz. grass strips, hedgerows and tree strips). Scenarios involving margin widths of 2, 6 or 20 m would require approximately 2.3, 6.7 or 21.3% of the total arable area of Great Britain, respectively. Scenarios including tree strips offered the greatest potential for carbon sequestration, since large amounts would be accumulated in above-ground biomass in addition to that in soil. We also accounted for the possible impacts of changed land management on trace gas fluxes, which indicated that any scenario involving a change from arable to grass strip, hedgerow or tree strip would significantly reduce N₂O emissions, and thus further increase carbon mitigation potential. There would also be considerable potential for including the scenarios investigated here with other strategies for the alternative management of UK arable land to identify optimal combinations. We assumed that it would take 50–100 years for soil carbon to reach a new equilibrium following a land use change. More detailed analyses need to be conducted to include environmental benefits, socioeconomic factors and the full system carbon balance.     

北京市典型沙地景观动态变化分析——以康庄为例

本研究通过选取北京典型沙地-康庄为研究对象,借助遥感技术、地理信息系统技术、全球定位技术、景观生态学理论和相关数学研究方法,对康庄80年代、90年代和2000年以后3三时期的景观动态进行分析和比较。从80年代至今,康庄沙化土地景观类型发生巨大变化。露沙地面积大幅度减少,由2117.03 hm^2减少到1 249.65hm^2减少了59.03%。通过选取相关景观指数对研究区景观类型进行分析可知,康庄风沙危害区先增加后减缓;对研究区景观类型的变化的分析表明,变化的原因与研究区所处地理位置,社会经济发展背景和人为干扰、政策导向密切相关。对影响研究区景观动态变化的主要因素分析可知,研究区主要受自然和人为两种条件影响最大。自然因素中,沙化土地变化主要与地形地貌、地表物质、降雨、温度、大风、水文条件等因素关系较密切;人为因素中,主要受人口增长、农业结构调整、林业工程实施和社会经济发展背景等因素的影响。     

构建中国征地移民监测体系的设想

分析了中国构建征地移民监测体系的背景,结合世界银行已有经验和中国征地制度实际情况,提出了建设中国征地移民监测体系的设想,分析了征地移民监测体系的运作模式、监测内容、监测指标、面临的困难等关键环节,从总体上描述了中国征地移民监测体系的框架。     

水稻粒型调控基因功能研究进展

水稻是世界上的重要谷类粮食作物之一，其产量和品质一直都是育种学家关注的重点，关系到全球粮食安全和人类健康。水稻粒型主要包括粒长、粒宽、粒厚等，是受多基因控制的重要数量性状，不仅直接影响水稻产量，还与水稻品质密切相关。深入了解水稻粒型的形成与调控机理将有助于进一步提升水稻单株产量、改善稻米品质。分子生物学的发展和基因组学的研究为探究水稻内部调控机制带来了新的变革。大量水稻粒型的数量性状遗传位点（Quantitative trait locus，QTL）成功被鉴定与解析，并验证了与之有关的基因功能。目前，已有几条调控粒型的通路得到鉴定，如泛素 - 蛋白酶体降解途径、G 蛋白信号途径、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶途径、转录因子调控途径、植物激素途径以及表观遗传途径等。然而，粒型调控网络极其复杂，多数基因上下游的调控组件作用机制尚不清楚，甚至影响粒型的各条通路间均存在一定的交叉互作。本文综述了影响水稻粒型的不同信号通路相关基因研究进展及关键粒型基因间的互作关系，总结了近年来粒型基因在育种上的应用情况，并提出结合多组学解析水稻粒型的调控机理研究，以期更好地服务于分子设计育种，为开发新的高产优质稻育种提供支撑。     

协调人际交往 营造和谐校园氛围

健康和谐的人际关系能够为人的全面发展营造良好的环境,当代大学生人际交往质量及形成的人际关系直接影响其在校期间的学习、生活、身心健康乃至未来的发展。解析当代大学生在人际交往方面表现出的特点,探究影响其人际关系建立和发展的心理障碍,对于促使大学生成长成才和校园和谐具有重要的作用和意义。     

Migratory routes of short-tailed albatrosses: Use of exclusive economic zones of North Pacific Rim countries and spatial overlap with commercial fisheries in Alaska

We conducted a satellite tracking study of the endangered short-tailed albatross (Phoebastria albatrus) to determine post-breeding season distribution, the amount of time spent within exclusive economic zones of Pacific Rim countries, and assess factors affecting spatial and temporal overlap with commercial fisheries in Alaska. We obtained 6709 locations for 14 albatrosses (131-808 locations and 51-138 days of tracking per bird). Albatrosses ranged widely throughout the North Pacific Rim, spending the majority of time within the exclusive economics zones of Japan, Russia (Kuril Islands and Kamchatka Peninsula), and the United States (Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea, Alaska). We found evidence for gender and age-related differences in distribution and, therefore, potential interaction with regional fisheries. Overall, albatrosses spent the greatest proportion of time within the Alaska exclusive economic zone. Within Alaska, albatrosses occurred most frequently in fishery management zones that encompassed the Aleutian Islands, Bering Sea, and south of the Alaska Peninsula. Short-tailed albatrosses had the greatest potential overlap with fisheries that occurred along continental shelf break and slope regions, e.g., longlining for sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria), where albatrosses occurred most often. Some birds, however, also made frequent excursions onto the extensive Bering Sea shelf, suggesting significant potential for interactions with the large-scale walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) and Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) fisheries. Alaskan longline fishing fleets have been proactive in using seabird deterrent devices, however, our data further emphasize that such efforts beyond the Alaska exclusive economic zone would provide a greater conservation benefit for this species.     

基于土地利用的三峡库区近30年生态系统服务价值时空变化特征

为了分析和探究三峡库区生态系统服务价值的时空变化特征,以Landsat TM/Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像为基础数据,运用RS和GIS技术提取了研究区1986年、1995年、2000年、2007年、2010年和2018年的土地利用数据,并运用土地利用动态指数模型和土地利用程度指数模型对其土地利用类型的变化趋势进行了分析。另一方面,核算了研究区相应年份的生态系统服务价值,并分析了其时空演变特征,同时对土地利用程度与ESV的相关关系进行了分析。结果表明:(1)1986-2018年,三峡库区耕地、林地和草地面积呈现减少的趋势;水域、建设用地和未利用地面积呈现增加的趋势;(2)不同土地利用类型的变化速度具有差异性,其中,建设用地和水域变化较快,耕地、林地、草地和未利用地变化较慢;(3)1986-2018年,三峡库区生态系统服务价值总量由1639.56亿元持续增长到1662.01亿元,整体增幅1.37%;(4)研究区ESV具有空间正向自相关性,其中高值区聚集明显,中低值区分区域相邻布局;(5)土地利用程度与ESV存在强烈的正相关关系。三峡库区近30年来的生态系统服务价值整体上有所提升,生态状况有所改善,但区域间差异较大,局部地区仍需特别关注,生态系统服务价值与土地利用之间存在着密切相关性。     

风化岩石地遗存衰竭古树养护复壮技术

随着我国对文物保护,旅游风景名胜的开发,古树存活问题更显突出,它对该地区的历史文化价值评估和风景质量的提升起着重要指标作用,所以对衰竭古树进行养护复壮,使其生命体焕发生机,延缓了衰亡,为其同类地区的古树复壮取得了重要经验且有推广价值。     

农用地估价方法综述

农用地估价的常用方法有：收益还原法、收益倍数法、成本法、假设开发法、市场比较法、影子价格法、享乐定价法、土壤潜力估价法、标准田法等。这些估价方法对我国农用地的可操作性、适用范围．学术界有不同的看法，文章对这些观点进行了综述与分析。