For services rendered? Modeling hydrology and livelihoods in Andean payments for environmental services schemes

In the Andes, demand for water is growing and upland land-use changes are increasing. Water quality, quantity and seasonal flow have thus also become environmental services with potential monetary value. Yet, currently the region's pioneer PES schemes are not paying for measured environmental services, but for proxy land uses thought to provide the(se) service(s). Hydrological modeling makes explicit the tacit causal relationships and tests underlying assumptions. Ideally, when combined with an economic analysis of land-use alternatives, this could inform decision makers on how much to pay for different interventions in different spatial locations. This paper focuses on two Andean watersheds: Moyobamba (Peru) and Pimampiro (Ecuador). In the first case, a municipal water company is preparing a payment for environmental services (PES) scheme to reduce upstream sediment loads. In the second, a similar conservation-oriented municipal PES scheme has operated since 2000, but the hydrological linkages have never been tested. Applying the Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), we identify in both watersheds biophysically critical areas for service delivery, and compare services for current land uses with change scenarios: deforestation, reforestation, live barriers, and agroforestry. We then use the ECOSAUT optimization model to predict net economic benefits for service providers. In Moyobamba, switching to shade-grown coffee would halve sediment yields, and increase significantly farmers’ economic benefits. This requires high up-front investment, but the willingness to pay of water users in Moyobamba town may suffice to cover the upfront costs. In Pimampiro, resumed deforestation would increase sediments by >50% and reduce dry-season flow by 0.5%, thus reinforcing the rationale of the existing PES scheme, focused on conserving native forests and grasslands.     

略论信息环境下高校图书馆知识服务

本文通过阐述信息环境下知识服务的内涵和特征,详细分析了实现高校图书馆知识服务的对策.     

农村合作组织是农业社会化服务的主导力量

我国目前为农业提供社会化服务的力量主要有三股：一是政府部门，二是公司企业，三是农村合作组织。本文在比较分析了这三类服务组织的基础上，指出农村合作组织以其自身的优势和条件必将成为其中的主导力量，同时也探讨了发展农村合作服务组织的基本思路和应注意的问题。     

一个基于语义相关性知识发现的模型与算法

办公自动化系统的发展方向是以知识管理为核心的办公自动化系统，知识发现、知识提取是其中重要的技术。基于语义相关性提出了一种知识发现的模型．并根据TextTiling算法给出了其实现方法。     

额济纳野生动物物种多样性及原住蒙古族传统动物学知识和文化

本文调查研究额济纳地区野生动物的种类组成和额济纳蒙古族的传统动物学知识和文化。共记录到野生动物113种,其中鱼类和两栖类各1种,爬行类9种,鸟类74种,兽类28种;国家重点保护动物有19种,占总数的16.8%,其中属国家Ⅰ级保护动物5种,Ⅱ级保护动物14种。额济纳蒙古族对野生动物的生态习性、数量和分布等很了解,对野生动物的传统命名知识也非常丰富,并且具有根据所分布的野生动物名字来命名周围的自然和人文地理实体及人文景观的传统文化。     

Behaviour of goats, sheep and cattle on natural pasture in the sub-humid zone of West Africa

The behaviour of sheep, goats and cattle on a shrub and tree savannah in the sub-humid zone of West Africa was studied during the dry (February to May), rainy (June to September) and cool season (October to January). Two mature females per animal species were followed by two observers during 3 days per month and behaviour activities were recorded every 15 min of the daily grazing time. When browsing, the plant name, plant part and plant height reached during prehension were recorded. The distance travelled and the grazing circuits were recorded with a step counter and a Geographic Position System device. The knowledge of farmers concerning appreciated browse species relative to the browse species consumed by animals in the area was also investigated.

During the dry season sheep, goats and cattle spent around 25% of their time browsing and 20%, 16% and 31%, respectively, of their time grazing. During the cool season, goats (17%) browsed more than sheep (7%) and cattle (5%) (P < 0.05). During the rainy season, sheep browsed 20% of the time while cattle spent only 7% of their time browsing, while goats were tied, with no opportunity for browsing. Browsing leaves was the most important part of the browsing activity. During the cool season, browsing height was the same (1.0 m) for cattle and goats, but lower for sheep (0.6 m) (P < 0.05). In the dry and cool season, sheep and goats walked shorter distances than cattle.

The plant species with the highest frequency of consumption were Acacia dudgeoni Craib, Ficus gnaphalocarpa (Miq.) A. Rich, Dioscorea togoensis Knuth, Cordia myxa L., and Manguifera indica L. for sheep and goats and Afzelia africana Sm., Kaya senegalensis (Desv.) A. Juss, Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. and Dicrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight and Arn. for cattle. Species with a high frequency of citation by farmers were A. africana (92%), K. senegalensis (88%), P. erinaceus (86%), Faidherbia albida A. Chevalier (80%), A. dudgeoni (70%) and F. gnaphalocarpa (69%).

In conclusion, browse species make an important contribution to the diet of ruminant animals in the sub-humid zone and farmers are familiar with the species consumed by ruminant animals.     

企业知识管理系统构架及其相关技术

为进一步加深企业管理者和系统开发者对知识管理系统的共识,提出企业知识管理系统由知识基础设施服务、知识服务以及表述服务构成的3层构架模型.在基于该系统构架分别解释各层次提供服务的同时,也列举了支撑各种服务的相应技术体系.     

蜜蜂腺苷酸转移载体基因(ant)的基因组序列克隆与分析

本文通过设计特异引物，克隆到全长为5774bp的蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）腺苷酸转移载体基因（ant）基因组序列（GenBank登录号为AY568009）。利用GeneFinder软件分析发现，蜜蜂ant基因组序列内有3个内含子，分别位于第1717-3078位、第3341-3442位和第3678-3760位，且剪切位置均符合“GT—AG法则”。大小分别为1362bp、102bp和83bp；4个外显子分别位于第1525-1716位、第3079-3340位、第3443～3677位和第3761-4322位，大小分别为192bp、261bp、235bp和562bp，其ORF横跨全部4个外显子。分析蜜蜂ant基因ORF上游1553bp基因组DNA序列的启动子区域，结果发现存在2个启动子，分别位于第1076～1126位和第1242～1292位。     

技术创新——知识经济时代企业发展的战略选择

21世纪人类社会即将步入快速变化的知识经济时代。知识经济是以知识和信息为基础的经济,强调知识的重要作用。知识是推动经济增长和生产力发展的决定性因素,而技术创新相应成为影响竞争的关键因素。谁成为技术的领先者,谁就拥有了发展的主动性、优先权和竞争的决胜权。目前,技术创新还存在许多问题,既有认识上的,也有制度上的。但是不可否认的是,技术创新确实有着旺盛的生命力和美好的前景。面对激烈的竞争,进行技术创新已是刻不容缓的事情。     

浅谈高职专英语听力教学现状及对策

语言习得主要通过获得大量的可理解输入来实现，而听是获得可理解语言输入的最重要的渠道。本文通过英语听力教学的现状分析，探讨了英语教学中提高听力的方法和对策。