菌糠改良土壤孔隙度效果的研究

以香菇菌糠为底肥,以种植玉米的土壤为研究对象,研究了菌糠不同施用量（0、2 500、5 000、7 500和10 000 kg/hm2）对土壤孔隙度的改良效果。结果表明：施用菌糠改良土壤孔隙度效果良好,随着菌糠施用量由0增加到10 000 kg/hm2,土壤孔隙度由40.0%增加到54.8%,处理间差异达到了极显著水平。在该土壤上种植的玉米产量和品质均有所提高,施用香菇菌糠改良粘黄土土壤孔隙度是可行的。     

利用食用菌废料培养康宁木霉的配方研究

[目的]通过对固态发酵康宁木霉配方的试验研究,确定以食用菌废料为主要原料培养康宁木霉的最佳配方。[方法]通过配方中加入食用菌废料后对康宁木霉的长势、有效活菌数及纤维素酶活性等指标进行测定,并对结果进行分析。[结果]以食用菌废料为主要原料培养康宁木霉的最佳配方为食用菌废料50%,麸皮30%,玉米面10%,豆粕1.5%,稻壳及其他8.5%。[结论]该研究为杏鲍菇食用菌废料作为替代原料提供了理论依据。     

蒽酮比色法测定大豆乳清废水中总糖含量

本文研究了用蒽酮比色法测定大豆乳清废水中可溶性总糖含量,本法可溶性总糖测定的回收率为98%~105%,标准偏差1.032×10-3,本法灵敏度高,可靠性强,误差小,而且设备简便、迅速、准确。     

Eukaryotic communities associated with the decomposition of rice straw compost in a Japanese rice paddy field estimated by DGGE analysis

To estimate the succession and phylogenetic composition of the eukaryotic communities responsible for the decomposition of rice straw compost under flooded conditions during the cultivation period of paddy rice, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis targeting 18S rDNA followed by sequencing was conducted in a Japanese paddy field. The eukaryotic communities in rice straw compost incorporated into the flooded paddy field were influenced by the mid-season drainage and mainly composed of fungi (Ascomycota, Zygomycota, and Chytridiomycota) and protozoa (Ciliophora, Euglyphida, and Dactylopodida), most of which existed continuously during the cultivation period of paddy rice. The results indicated that these eukaryotic members were associated with the decomposition of rice straw compost in paddy field soil directly or indirectly.     

Utilization of municipal organic wastes in agriculture: where do we stand,where will we go?

Generation of organic waste is increasing worldwide and strategies for its environmentally sound use must be developed and optimized. Regulations in European countries and the USA differ largely with respect to requirements of organic waste quality and the quantities of pollutants which can be added to the soil. Research has shown beneficial effects regarding the improvement of soil fertility. Enrichment of total metals in soil was attributed to long‐term sludge application but the effect on bioavailability of metals must be further clarified. A number of organic pollutants, such as hydrophobic persistent organic contaminants and surfactants, are known to accumulate in organic wastes. However, the former interact strongly with organic matter in the sludge‐soil‐plant system and systemic plant uptake is generally assumed to be minimal. Surfactants may cause adverse environmental impacts when they enter sewage systems in high loads and accumulate in sludge. Surfactants and some of their metabolites are not readily biodegraded in non‐aerated environments. Due to their toxicity and estrogenic activity, of nonylphenol for example, more research is needed to optimize analytical techniques and to trace their behavior in soil. Some options to cope with the risks of huge amounts of organic waste and also some benefits are presented: (1) further limitation of standards for pollutants and reduced application rates; (2) improved treatment of sewage sludge to reduce the total and bioavailable portions of both heavy metals and organic pollutants; (3) adaptation of waste application rates to soil properties such as sorption capacity for pollutants; (4) harmonization of analytical protocols for organic contaminants, i.e. surfactants and metabolites, enabling a more thorough monitoring of the wastes which are to be applied onto soils.     

城市污泥与稻草堆肥的腐熟度指标研究

采用翻堆方式将稻草与未消化城市污泥进行堆肥,测定常见几种化学和生物参数的变化,探讨其作为腐熟度指标的可行性。结果表明,(C/N)终点/(C/N)起始比值和铵态氮可作为堆肥腐熟度的指标,当(C/N)终点/(C/N)起始小于0.6和铵态氮浓度低于400mg·kg-1时,堆肥基本腐熟。水溶性有机碳与水溶性铵态氮之比值也可作为堆肥腐熟度的新的复合指标,当比值大于9时,堆肥基本腐熟。挥发性固体重、C/N、pH及NO3--N与堆肥原料有关,只可作为参考。     

果蔬垃圾重复批次发酵协同制备乳酸和短链脂肪酸

利用果蔬垃圾厌氧合成中链脂肪酸（medium-chain fatty acids,MCFAs）等化学品是厌氧技术高值化的重要方向。中链脂肪酸合成通常需要以乳酸/乙醇（电子供体）和短链脂肪酸（电子受体）为碳源进行碳链延长反应。因此,利用有机废弃物连续、稳定地协同制备乳酸和短链脂肪酸是中链脂肪酸合成的关键步骤。该研究考察了果蔬垃圾重复批次发酵协同制备乳酸和短链脂肪酸（short-chain fatty acids,SCFAs）的可行性,研究了不同置换率和进料浓度对果蔬垃圾重复批次发酵产酸特性的影响。结果表明,调控重复批次发酵的置换率和进料浓度是提高生产率、改善乳酸/SCFAs比例的有效方法。综合考虑酸化产物的生产率、乳酸/SCFAs比例和碳源浓度,在70%置换率和8%进料TS(total solid)浓度条件下获得的酸化产物相对更有利于MCFAs的合成。此时,酸化产物生产率达到（5.25±0.25）g/(L·d),乳酸/SCFAs的碳摩尔比例达到5±0.3,碳源浓度达到（985±29）mmol C/L。微生物群落分析显示,乳酸菌,如Lactobacillus和Enterococcus作为优势菌通过异型乳酸发酵协同制备乳酸和SCFAs。研究结果可为果蔬垃圾的高值化利用提供参考。     

Energy Assessement for Procedure Rationality of Recycling Materials from Wastes

The mathematical relationship for assessing total energy consumption within a material life cycle is presented in this paper. According to the relationship,the procedure rationality of recycling waste may be assessed quantitatively.     

不同有机物料的Cd2+吸附特性及其对Cd污染土壤的修复效果研究

为探究经济有效的农田土壤重金属污染修复技术,首先通过等温吸附试验明确了废烟末、甘蔗滤泥和油菜籽油枯对Cd~(2+)的吸附特性,其次通过土培试验和盆栽试验研究了3种有机物料添加对土壤有效态Cd含量、小白菜Cd含量和小白菜生物量的影响。结果表明,3种有机物料对Cd~(2+)的吸附量大小顺序为:甘蔗滤泥油菜籽油枯废烟末,甘蔗滤泥的最大吸附量(Qmax)可达2 106.20mg·kg-1;废烟末、甘蔗滤泥、油菜籽油枯的施用均显著降低土壤有效态Cd含量,降幅分别为39.79%、48.81%、47.77%。施用甘蔗滤泥和油菜籽油枯可显著降低小白菜对Cd的吸收量,降幅分别为35.93%和34.43%。施用甘蔗滤泥和油菜籽油枯也可显著增加小白菜的鲜重和干重,鲜重分别增加了81.42%、96.88%,干重分别增加了131.75%、128.91%。因此,以甘蔗滤泥降低农田土壤有效态Cd含量的效果最好。     

有机物料不同配比堆肥过程的差异分析

为了促进当地农业有机废弃物资源的循环利用,以牛粪、猪粪和鸡粪等为堆肥的主要原料,在协调所有处理的碳氮比相同和添加EM菌液的条件下进行堆肥试验,分析有机物料的不同配比在堆肥过程中的温度、p H、EC、全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮和发芽指数的变化趋势,比较不同处理堆肥前后养分含量的差异。结果表明,牛粪—鸡粪—谷壳处理的升温最快,高温阶段温度基本上维持在70℃上下,堆肥前后氮素损失率最大为22.8%,而猪粪—食用菌渣—鸡粪处理的高温阶段温度低于65℃,氮素损失率最小为3.47%,发芽指数在堆肥进行20 d就达到了52%,堆肥腐熟快于其他处理,但是在堆肥32 d后,所有处理的p H在7.7-8.5之间,满足堆肥腐熟后呈弱碱性的要求,发芽指数在80%左右,基本上达到了有机肥完全腐熟的标准。研究表明堆肥32 d后可以完全腐熟;但合理的配比,同时调节其通风性,控制堆体温度在45-65℃之间,可减少氮素损失,提高有机物料堆肥的效果。