小麦籽粒硬度研究进展

小麦籽粒硬度是当前小麦育种的主要目标之一,对小麦的制粉品质有重要影响,是小麦品质评价的重要指标之一。本文从小麦籽粒硬度测定方法、籽粒硬度与胚乳结构的关系、籽粒硬度对面粉品质和面制品品质的影响、籽粒硬度的遗传规律、品种与环境对籽粒硬度的影响、籽粒硬度育种改良等方面介绍了国内外相关领域的研究现状,并对未来发展提出展望,为小麦育种中籽粒硬度的改良提供参考。     

QTL for maize grain yield identified by QTL mapping in six environments and consensus loci for grain weight detected by meta‐analysis

Grain yield is the most important and complicated trait in maize. In this study, a total of 498 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) derived from a biparental cross of two elite inbred lines, 178 and P53, were grown in six different environments. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping was conducted for three grain yield component traits (100 grain weight, ear weight and kernel weight per plant). Subsequently, meta‐analysis was performed after a comprehensive review of the research on QTL mapping for grain weight (100, 300 and 1000) using BioMercator V4.2. In total, 62 QTLs were identified for 100 grain weight, ear weight and kernel weight per plant in six environments. Forty‐three meta‐QTLs (MQTLs) were detected by meta‐analysis. A total of 13 candidate genes homologous to eight functionally characterized rice genes were found, and four candidate genes were located in the two hot spot regions of MQTL1.5 and MQTL2.3. Our results suggest that the combination of literature collection, meta‐analysis and homologous blast searches can offer abundant information for further fine mapping, marker‐assisted selection (MAS) breeding and map‐based cloning for maize.     

Genetic region responsible for the differences of starch properties in two glutinous rice cultivars in Hokkaido,Japan

Starch properties are major determinants of grain quality and food characteristics in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Control of starch properties will lead to the development of rice cultivars with desirable characteristics. We performed quantitative trait locus analysis and detected a putative region on chromosome 2 associated with phenotypic variation of starch properties in two glutinous rice varieties developed in the Hokkaido region of Japan: ‘Kitayukimochi’, which has a low pasting temperature and creates soft rice cakes, and ‘Shirokumamochi’, which has a high pasting temperature and creates hard rice cakes. Starch branching enzyme IIb (SbeIIb) was identified as a candidate gene within the region. Sequence analysis of SbeIIb in parental lines identified two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with non-synonymous mutations in the coding region of the ‘Shirokumamochi’ genotype (SbeIIb^sr). We genotyped over 100 rice cultivars, including 28 rice varieties in the Honshu region of Japan, using the CAPS marker, which was designed using one of the SNPs. However, SbeIIb^sr was not found in rice cultivars in Honshu. Distribution analysis indicated that SbeIIb^sr was introduced to the rice breeding population in Hokkaido from the American variety ‘Cody’ via the Hokkaido cultivar ‘Kitaake’. As a result, SbeIIb^sr was distributed only in progenies of ‘Kitaake’.     

Seabird‐trawling interactions: factors affecting species‐specific to regional community utilisation of fisheries waste

Bottom trawl fishing provides substantial amounts of normally unavailable demersal prey to seabirds (e.g., discards), affecting their life‐history traits and population dynamics, as well as community structure. Within this framework, we studied seabird‐trawling interactions throughout the annual cycle in a poorly studied ecosystem in the Mediterranean, the Balearic archipelago, on a both species‐specific and a community level. Whereas the species‐specific approach showed a significant influence of season (phenology) on shaping seabird’s trawling attendance patterns, the spatio‐temporal coupling of regional community was a result of a complex interaction between fishery‐related variables. The most frequent and abundant species were the yellow‐legged gull Larus michahellis and Cory’s shearwater Calonectris diomedea, the latter attending vessels in higher numbers than expected from local population figures. Conversely, the remaining breeding species occurred in lower numbers than expected according to their local breeding populations, suggesting that discards were of relatively little importance. Discarding activity took place over the entire shelf and continental slope surrounding Mallorca, but especially in the southwest, adjacent to the breeding grounds of approximately 12% of the Balearic total seabird breeding population, including 13% the Balearic shearwater Puffinus mauretanicus world population. Overall discards corresponded to 0.74 of landings (range: 0.09–6.00) and consisted primarily of fish followed by crustaceans and molluscs (approximately 80, 15, and 5%, respectively). Seabird‐trawling interactions should be taken into account in the frame of an ecosystem‐based approach to fisheries management, and particular attention should be devoted to the critically endangered Balearic shearwater.     

Influence of type of raw material on fishmeal physicochemical properties,the extrusion process,starch gelatinization and physical quality of fish feed

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of two types of fish raw material on fishmeal (FM) physicochemical properties, specific mechanical energy, starch gelatinization and physical feed quality. Eleven feed mixes based on six independent FMs from herring (FMH) and five from sand eel (FMSE) were extruded according to standardized conditions. Type of fish raw material influenced FM physicochemical properties and had significant impact on starch gelatinization and pellet hardness. Multivariate models were established based on partial least squares regression (R² = 0.637–0.999). Improved degree of starch gelatinization was associated with increased degree of protein hydrolysis (P = 0.011) and by replacement of FMH with FMSE in the feed mix (P = 0.012). A large span in pellet hardness was observed (4.9–94.1 N). Improved hardness was associated with decreased level of non‐soluble protein (P < 0.001) and by replacement of FMSE with FMH (P < 0.001). For FMSE, improved hardness was associated with decreased level of non‐soluble protein (P < 0.001) and increased degree of protein hydrolysis (P = 0.002), compressed bulk density (P = 0.039) and dust fraction (P = 0.001). The underlying physical and chemical mechanisms are discussed. The study documents differences in technical quality of FM produced from herring and sand eel with significant impact on fish feed extrusion and pellet quality.     

固态发酵棉籽仁的营养成分及其抗氧化活性

采用酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)对棉籽仁进行固态发酵,发酵周期30 h。结果表明,相比发酵前,发酵后棉籽仁中游离棉酚的含量显著(P<0.05)降低,粗灰分、酸溶蛋白质含量显著(P<0.05)增加,精氨酸含量显著(P<0.05)降低。从发酵棉籽仁中提取的棉籽肽具有抗氧化活性,且其活性受使用浓度和发酵时间的影响。当棉籽肽的质量浓度为8 mg·mL^-1时,棉籽肽的羟自由基清除率达到(61.71±1.59)%,DPPH自由基清除率为(77.25±1.28)%,金属离子螯合能力达到(79.13±0.55)%。结果提示,在本试验条件下,微生物固态发酵处理可提高棉籽仁的营养品质及其抗氧化活性。     

耐裂性不同的西瓜发育过程中果实力学特性及果皮结构动态研究

【目的】了解耐裂和易裂西瓜果实发育过程中的力学特性和果皮结构变化规律,揭示西瓜耐裂性与果皮结构及果实力学特性的关系,为耐裂西瓜品种选育提供理论依据。【方法】以耐裂种质 S1111 和易裂种质201609019 为试验材料,采用质构仪分析其不同发育时期的果实硬度、果实裂应力变化;利用石蜡切片法观测其果皮结构组织变化。【结果】在果实发育过程中,S1111 的果实硬度和裂应力分别是 201609019 的 1.35~1.54 倍和1.85~6.03 倍,差异显著。组织学研究表明,S1111 与 201609019 的果皮组织结构具有明显差异,S1111 的果皮细胞排列紧密并具有明显的石细胞团结构,其果皮和外果皮厚度均极显著高于 201609019;而 201609019 的表皮细胞更长、外果皮细胞和中果皮细胞更大,细胞面积显著大于 S1111,其外果皮细胞和中果皮面积分别是 S1111 的1.67~3.28 倍和 2.77~5.69 倍。相关性分析表明,西瓜果实硬度和果实裂应力与果皮厚度、外果皮厚度呈显著正相关,与表皮细胞长度、外果皮细胞面积及中果皮细胞面积呈显著负相关。【结论】果实裂应力和果实硬度大小可用于评价西瓜果实耐裂性,且在果实发育后期评价更合适。     

基于CT图像和RAUNet-3D的玉米籽粒三维结构测量

玉米籽粒构成和精细结构与玉米产量及品质直接相关。本文提出一种基于CT图像的玉米籽粒三维结构自动测量方法,快速提取、统计玉米籽粒成分和结构性状,评估不同玉米品种籽粒间性状差异。首先,利用Micro-CT获取批量玉米籽粒CT图像,通过Watershed算法准确分割出单颗籽粒;进而,设计基于注意力机制RAUNet-3D网络准确提取出籽粒胚;最后,建立自动化玉米籽粒表型管道,计算籽粒、胚、胚乳和空腔的共23项性状,用于玉米籽粒性状分析和品种鉴定。选取4个玉米品种籽粒（登海605、京科968、先正达408和农华5号）共120颗籽粒进行验证,结果表明籽粒CT扫描成像效率提高到1min/粒,籽粒表型提取效率为10s/粒,胚分割精度可达93.4%,粒长、粒宽和粒厚的R2分别为0.902、0.926和0.904,籽粒品种分类精度达90.4%。本文方法实现了玉米籽粒及其胚、胚乳、空腔三维结构无损、快速测量,提取的性状能够表征不同玉米品种籽粒间表型差异,为开展大规模玉米籽粒三维表型鉴定奠定了基础。     

我国北方冬小麦籽粒中的戊聚糖含量及其相关分析

戊聚糖是小麦面粉加工和食品品质重要的影响因子。本研究测定了我国北方冬麦区77个品种(系)籽粒中的戊聚糖含量和蛋白质、湿面筋、沉降值、千粒重等性状。结果表明,不同品种的戊聚糖含量变幅为4.82%~7.28%,戊聚糖含量与籽粒饱满度、湿面筋含量和沉淀值之间存在着极显著的正相关关系,与千粒重具有极显著的负相关关系。同时对“间苯三酚-冰醋酸法”测定小麦戊聚糖的含量进行了讨论。