不同根系分泌物对土壤N2O排放及同位素特征值的影响

【目的】探究植物根系分泌的主要组分（有机酸、氨基酸、糖类）对土壤N₂O排放及其微生物过程的影响,为选择适宜的植物进而控制土壤N₂O排放提供支撑。【方法】通过室内试验分别添加草酸、丝氨酸、葡萄糖于土壤中模拟根系的3种主要分泌物,每种分泌物设置两个浓度水平：低浓度（150 μg C·d ^-1）和高浓度（300 μg C·d ^-1）,另设置添加蒸馏水的对照组,共7个处理。将土壤置于120 mL玻璃瓶中进行培养,24 h内采集气体样品7次,每次培养2 h,获取N₂O排放速率、日累积排放量和同位素特征值（δ ¹⁵N ^bulk、δ ¹⁸O和SP（site preference,SP=δ ¹⁵N ^α-δ ¹⁵N ^β））。【结果】添加3种根系分泌物组分后,土壤N₂O排放速率均逐渐升高,且均高于对照。高浓度处理组N₂O累积排放量为：葡萄糖（（3.2±1.3）mg·kg ^-1·d ^-1）处理>丝氨酸（（2.6±0.5）mg·kg ^-1·d ^-1）处理>草酸（（1.4±0.2）mg·kg ^-1·d ^-1）处理,低浓度处理组为：草酸（（2.7±1.3）mg·kg ^-1·d ^-1）处理>丝氨酸（（1.8±0.4）mg·kg ^-1·d ^-1）处理>葡萄糖（（1.6±0.8）mg·kg ^-1·d ^-1）处理;添加根系分泌物的不同处理间土壤N₂O的δ ¹⁸O值无明显差异,并稳定在24.1‰—25.6‰,且均显著高于对照（（20.1±1.5）‰）;土壤N₂O的δ ¹⁵N ^bulk值与添加根系分泌物的种类有关,其中草酸处理组为（-20.06±2.22）‰、丝氨酸处理组为（-22.33±1.10）‰、葡萄糖处理组为（-13.86±1.11）‰、对照组为（-23.14±3.72）‰。各处理土壤N₂O的SP值的变化范围为13.13‰—15.03‰,根系分泌物浓度越高,SP值越低。综合分析不同处理4个指标（N₂O排放速率、N₂O的δ ¹⁵N ^bulk、δ ¹⁸O和SP值）的不同时刻的检测值与日均值的校正系数,添加根系分泌物后第16小时各处理4个指标的校正系数最接近于1。【结论】在NH+ 4-300 mg N·kg ^-1的土壤环境下根系分泌物促进N₂O的排放,且在培养期间（24 h）土壤N₂O排放速率逐渐升高。高浓度处理组葡萄糖对土壤N₂O排放速率促进效果最强,低浓度处理组草酸对土壤N₂O排放速率促进效果最强。与对照组相比,根系分泌物的添加使N₂O的δ ¹⁸O值显著升高;与对照组相比,葡萄糖的添加使δ ¹⁵N ^bulk值显著升高。根系分泌物浓度越高,反硝化作用对N₂O的贡献越大。     

Tests for migratory history of the New Zealand common smelt (Retropinna retropinna (Richardson)) using otolith isotopic composition

Abstract– Stable oxygen and carbon isotopic analyses were made for water at 24 sites, mainly from the Waikato watershed (North Island, New Zealand), and for carbonate from fish sagittal otolith material at each of the sites, mainly from the common smelt ( Retropinna retropinna (Richardson)), to test their potential use in identification of resident and anadromous/migratory stocks suggested in an earlier pilot study. Results provide strong evidence that ¹⁸O is precipitated in otoliths close to isotopic equilibrium with rearing waters. The smelt rearing and residency waters examined have characteristic oxygen and carbon isotopic 'signatures', and the ¹⁸O composition of the smelt otoliths mirrors this within about 1%0, making it possible to use the technique for determining resident and/or migrant history of the fish. The ¹³C otolith composition, though usually tracking that of probable rearing and/or residency waters, has a larger and more variable offset, possibly of metabolic origin, making its use less reliable as a habitat signature.     

Physiological responses of Populus euphratica Oliv. to groundwater table variations in the lower reaches of Heihe River, Northwest China

Riparian vegetation in the lower reaches of Heihe River serves important ecological functions. However, the riparian ecosystems have been constantly deteriorating in the past 30 years simply due to water interception for oasis agricultural irrigation in the middle reaches of the river. This study pays a particular attention to Populus euphratica Oliv. forest because it is a dominant component of the riparian ecosystem in the lower reaches of Heihe River where the depth of groundwater table is the controlling factor in sustaining riparian ecosystems. To reveal leaf-related physiological responses of Populus euphratica Oliv. forest to groundwater table variations, we analyzed the relationships between the depth of groundwater table (DG) and three leaf-related parameters, i.e. leaf stomatal density (SD), specific leaf area (SLA), and stable carbon isotopic composition (δ 13 C). Our results show that the relationship between DG and leaf SD is a bi-mode one shaped by both salt stress and water stress. That is, salt stress appeared in shallow groundwater conditions and water stress happened in deep groundwater conditions, and the thin layer around 2.7 m of DG is a stress-free layer. Leaf SD fluctuated according to the DG variation, first decreased with increasing DG, then increased at depths ranging 2.7-3.7 m, and after a relatively stable plateau of SD at depths ranging 3.7-5.2 m, decreased again with increasing DG. Our results also show that SLA decreased exponentially with increasing DG and foliar δ 13 C values are also strongly dependent on DG, further demonstrating that these two parameters are sensitive indicators of water stress. The exponential curve suggests that SLA is more sensitive to DG when groundwater table is shallow and 3 m seems to be a threshold beyond which SLA becomes less sensitive to DG. Foliar δ 13 C becomes more sensitive when the groundwater table is deep and 7 m seems to be a threshold below which the δ 13 C signature becomes more sensitive to DG. These findings should be helpful in monitoring the growth and development of Populus euphratica Oliv. forests and also in providing protection measures (i.e. DG related) for Heihe River riparian forests.     

秸秆碳对不同施肥水平低肥力土壤碳组分的影响

为探明不同施肥水平下秸秆碳对低肥力土壤溶解性有机碳（DOC）、微生物量碳（MBC）和颗粒有机碳（POC）含量的影响,采用碳化硅管原位法,向不同施肥水平（0、120、240 kg·hm^-2,以纯氮计）的低肥力土壤添加¹³C标记小麦秸秆,定期取土样测定不同有机碳组分的含量及其δ¹³C值,并计算秸秆碳在各有机碳库中的转化及贡献比例。研究结果显示,秸秆添加后7 d是快速转化阶段,此后秸秆碳转化渐缓,以向POC转化为主。相较于DOC,秸秆碳更倾向转化为MBC和POC,秸秆添加60 d后的转化比例分别为0.12%~0.38%、4.01%~6.25%和4.74%~9.54%。秸秆添加后,土壤DOC、MBC和POC含量均显著增加,来自于秸秆碳的贡献分别为0.29%~15.01%、13.20%~32.85%和33.62%~59.69%。相较于0、240 kg·hm^-2的施氮处理,施氮量为120 kg·hm^-2时,秸秆添加能同时大幅提高试验土壤的活性和缓效性有机碳库含量。由此表明,秸秆还田条件下,适量施加氮肥更有利于低肥力土壤的培肥与固碳。     

基于转基因产品成分低水平混杂问题探究我国转基因阈值制度

随着全球经济贸易一体化发展,转基因产品商业化为多边国际贸易带来无限的机遇和挑战.随之而来的转基因低水平混杂(LLP)问题作为不可规避的现实问题,成为国际贸易中的前沿议题.转基因阈值制度作为国际社会缓解转基因低水平混杂问题的重要因素,逐渐引起各国政府关注.以转基因低水平混杂问题现状为立足点,从技术和政策层面分析了建立转基...     

转基因农产品标识管理和检测技术研究进展

对国内外转基因植物和转基因农产品及其加工食品的释放情况进行综述,并介绍了世界主要国家和地区对转基因食品的安全管理法规,重点概述了转基因农产品及其加工食品检测技术的进展情况,对各种检测方法及其应用范围做了比较,提出了今后我国在转基因检测技术方面的研究领域和发展趋势。     

岩溶流域典型农业区水体氢氧同位素的空间异质性及形成机制

分别于平水期和枯水期采集了花溪河流域典型农业区地表水和地下水样品.利用氢氧同位素示踪技术,结合土地利用类型对研究区不同水体的补给来源、季节变化及主要影响过程进行了分析,并对不同水体氢氧同位素值进行了空间插值分析,同时对其形成机制进行了分析,阐明了不同土地利用类型影响下的主要水文过程.结果表明:①研究区不同水体的主要补给...     

家禽诊疗文本多实体关系联合抽取模型研究

针对传统实体关系抽取方法中主体特征与句向量难以有效融合、现有BIO标注策略难以有效处理重叠关系的问题,提出一种基于BERT和双重指针标注的家禽疾病诊疗文本实体关系联合抽取模型(Joint extraction of entity relationship of poultry disease diagnosis and...     

荧光标记技术在增殖放流中的应用现状

正标志技术是用来区分不同个体或种群的常用方法。自Petersen等[1]利用标志方法估算封闭水体中鱼类的利用率及种群大小后,标志技术在渔业和水产养殖研究中得到广泛的发展和应用,标记技术也不断更新。荧光标记技术是渔业和水产养殖研究中常用标志技术手段之一,其通过特定技术方法在标志对象上形成荧光标记进而通过肉眼或借     

自动覆膜控温移动苗床的设计

根据移动苗床的结构特点,设计了自动卷覆膜机,实现了塑料薄膜的自动卷收和覆盖,搭建了自动控温系统,建立苗床及作物的独立加热保温小环境。薯尖扦插苗的试验结果表明,降低了劳动强度,育苗成活率提高29%,单株苗加热成本降低69%以上。试验为工厂化育苗柔性化生产提供了技术支撑,可实现不同种苗培育在同一温室内的统一管理。