Effect of timing of first and last irrigation on the yield and water use efficiency in cotton

With increasing concern about declining water resources, there is increasing thrust in improving water management in farming systems to improve water use efficiency. The present investigation was undertaken to determine the optimum timing for the first and last irrigation of cotton on the basis of meteorological approach for scheduling irrigations. The experiment was conducted in a split plot design with three timings of first irrigation as main-plots and three timing of last irrigation as sub-plots. Delay of first irrigation from 28 days after sowing (DAS) to 42 DAS, irrespective of last irrigation, resulted in an increase of 8, 14 and 17% in seed cotton yield during first, second and third year, respectively. The corresponding increases due to delay in the last irrigation from 130 to 170 DAS were 14, 32 and 8%, respectively. On the basis of 3 years average, application of first and last irrigation at optimum time (after 42 and 170 days after sowing) resulted in an increase of 36% in seed cotton yield without involving any additional cost. Water expense efficiency (WEE) increased by 54%.     

灌溉水利用系数综合测定法实例分析

灌溉水利用系数是衡量农业节水效果的关键指标。目前各地区统计出的灌溉水利用系数差异极大。很多数据明显的存在错误，难以作为比较与衡量的标准。影响灌溉水利用系数正常测定的主要原因是传统测定方法存在测定工作量巨大、测定条件难以保证等。通过开展对灌溉水利用系数资料的搜集、整理并对灌区进行实地调研，在了解目前灌区灌溉水利用系数测量中存在问题及原因的基础上，对灌区灌溉水利用系数测量计算方法进行了分析研究，提出了测定灌溉水利用系数的综合测定计算方法。该方法既克服了传统测量方法中工作量大，需要大量人力、物力才能完成的缺点，又弥补了只测量典型渠段而引起较大误差的不足，而且能反映出灌区渠系用水情况、灌溉工程质量及灌溉用水管理水平等。以漳河灌区为例进行了应用分析。     

行走式自动点灌机的设计分析及应用

从改变点灌机整机的传动原理入手，使整机结构简单、布置合理、造价低廉；将所需要的灌水排量变为可调式，使水能及时、准确地注入穴位；简化了直流永磁电机的制作工艺，从上述诸方面阐述了行走式自动点灌机结构的设计特点，简述了该机的效益及应用前景，并对今后进一步的研究提出了建议。     

节水灌溉自动控制器的设计与研究

论述了一种自动化节水灌溉控制系统的硬件设计、外部连线及其使用功能。系统控制器以与8051完全兼容的GMS90L51单片机为核心，采用计算机分布式管理；系统有传感器自动闭环控制、手动／半手动控制、微机超控等多种工作方式；系统能够实现自动化灌溉，具有排水警示、实时时钟、历史数据查询、数据上传及双向通信等功能。     

GIS在农业水土领域的应用与研究进展

介绍了近年来国内外GIS在农业灌溉管理、精确农业和农业区划、土壤利用和土壤侵蚀方面的研究和应用情况，并对GIS在该领域的研究进行归纳和总结，此外探讨了GIS在当前农业领域应用的主要发展方向。     

Sensitivity analysis of optimal operation of irrigation supply systems with water quality considerations

A model for optimal operation of water supply/irrigation systems of various water quality sources, with treatment plants, multiple water quality conservative factors, and dilution junctions is presented. The objective function includes water cost at the sources, water conveyance costs which account for the hydraulics of the network indirectly, water treatment cost, and yield reduction costs of irrigated crops due to irrigation with poor quality water. The model can be used for systems with supply by canals as well as pipes, which serve both drinking water demands of urban/rural consumers and field irrigation requirements. The general nonlinear optimization problem has been simplified by decomposing it to a problem with linear constraints and nonlinear objective function. This problem is solved using the projected gradient method. The method is demonstrated for a regional water supply system in southern Israel that contains 39 pipes, 37 nodes, 11 sources, 10 agricultural consumers, and 4 domestic consumers. The optimal operation solution is described by discharge and salinity values for all pipes of the network. Sensitivity of the optimal solution to changes in the parameters is examined. The solution was found to be sensitive to the upper limit on drinking water quality, with total cost being reduced by 5% as the upper limit increases from 260 to 600 mg Cl l^–1. The effect of income from unit crop yield is more pronounced. An increase of income by a factor of 20 results in an increase of the total cost by a factor of 3, thus encouraging more use of fresh water as long as the marginal cost of water supply is smaller than the marginal decrease in yield loss. The effect of conveyance cost becomes more pronounced as its cost increases. An increase by a factor of 100 results in an increase of the total cost by about 14%. The network studied has a long pipe that connects two distinct parts of the network and permits the supply of fresh water from one part to the other. Increasing the maximum permitted discharge in this pipe from 0 to 200 m³ h^–1 reduces the total cost by 11%. Increasing the maximum discharge at one of the sources from 90 to 300 m³ h^–1 reduces the total cost by about 8%.     

试论丘陵地区灌溉机械化发展对策

本文通过四川省射洪县的事例，分析了丘陵地区机械灌溉在发展农业和农村经济中的地位和作用，以及目前存在的困难和问题，提出了发展对策建议。     

不同节水灌溉技术的节水机理试验研究

根据甘肃省特殊自然地理条件，对于喷灌、滴灌、渗灌及波涌灌几种方式下，小麦和玉米两种作物的灌溉节水机理进行了对比试验研究，分析了不同节水灌溉方式下这两种作物的节水性和生育动态。试验结果表明，在降雨、灌溉水量和前期土壤特性一定的情况下，在喷灌、滴灌、渗灌及波涌灌几种节水灌溉技术中，渗灌的节水性最好，依次为滴灌、喷灌、波涌灌。小麦和玉米在渗灌条件下产量比滴灌、喷灌和波涌灌都高，小麦渗灌产量比滴灌增加7．6％，比喷灌增加13．1％，比波涌灌增加22．4％。玉米渗灌产量比滴灌增加1．3％．比喷道增加6．3％。     

Hydraulic-hydrological simulations of canal-command for irrigation water management

A modelling system that combines the hydraulic simulations of the canal and hydrological simulations of the irrigated command is introduced. It uses MIKE 11 and MIKE SHE, two well-established modelling systems, for the hydraulic and hydrological simulations respectively. In addition, it also has an irrigation scheduling module and a crop growth module. The modelling system is applied to the Mahanadi Reservoir Irrigation Scheme, a large irrigation project in Central India. The results show that presently a significant amount of water is wasted in the command during the monsoon season. It is demonstrated that the minimization of this wastage could lead to a substantial crop production in the subsequent dry season. Furthermore, the simulations illustrate the versatility of the modelling system for planning and analysing the various aspects of an irrigation project.     

湖南省节水灌溉分区与规划

将模糊聚类方法用于湖南省节水灌溉分区，建立了湖南省节水灌溉区划模型，将系统动力学的动态仿真原理用于节水灌溉发展规划，建立了节水灌溉发展规划的动态仿真模型。据此，提出了湖南省节水灌溉区划，并对各分区及全省“九五”期间节水浇灌发展作了详细规划。