Emission of dimethyl sulfide,carbonyl sulfide,and carbon bisulfide from paddy fields

Abstract

Emission rates of dimethyl sulficle (DMS), carbonyl sulfide (COS), and carbon disulfide (CS₂) to the atmosphere from paddy fields at Ryugasaki, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan were measured by using the closed chamber method. DMS was emitted mainly through the rice plant and its emission rate was much higher than those of COS and CS₂. During a cropping period COS was slightly absorbed by the rice plant. Significant diurnal and seasonal variations of DMS iuxes were observed. The highest DMS iux was observed immediately after the heading day of rice plant. The annual DMS emission rate was in the order of mineral plot > straw plot > no-N plot, ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 mg S m^-2 yr^-1. The annual COS emission rate was in the order of straw plot > no-N plot > mineral plot, ranging from -0.2 to 1.8 mg S m^-2 yr^-1. The annual CS₂ emission rate was slightly higher in the straw plot, ranging from 0.9 to 2.0 mg S m^-2 yr^-1.     

低场核磁探测水稻田改蔬菜地土壤水分的相态变化

为了解水稻土转变为设施蔬菜地后土壤水分的相态变化,该研究在田间土壤调查的基础上,结合低场核磁测氢技术,评价了田间状态的水稻土和不同转化年限设施蔬菜地土壤水分的相态分布情况。结果表明:随着转化时间的延长,耕层土壤大孔隙吸持的自由水比重下降,土壤小孔隙吸持的束缚水比重上升,犁底层土壤水分的相态分布却无明显变化,土壤水分吸持性能在转化时间序列上呈现下降的趋势,但长期施用有机肥可以优化耕层质量,提升土壤大孔隙吸持自由水的能力,改善土壤水分供释性能;水稻土转化为设施蔬菜地土壤2 a后,出现新犁底层,使得原有的耕层土壤变薄,土壤水分吸持性能下降。核磁共振作为一种新的技术手段,可以实现实时、快速、准确地检测土壤水分的相态变化,可为设施农业的可持续管理提供新的技术支持。     

Weed abundance and soil seedbank responses to tillage systems in continuous maize crops

Weed abundance in crops undergoes frequent changes, often due to changes in tillage practices. Annual species, with quick germination, a short vegetative stage, profuse seed production and long-lived seeds become problematic under zero-tillage systems. Portulaca oleracea L. and Amaranthus blitoides L. are widespread weeds in the Mediterranean area, prominent in irrigated crops. We studied the total weed abundance in the field, and specifically these two species (Portulaca oleracea and Amaranthus blitoides) with high frequency of occurrence in monoculture maize, from 2012 to 2014, in the field and soil seedbank. Results showed significant differences between zero-tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT) systems on total weed abundance and relative abundance of Portulaca oleracea. Total weed abundance decreased in ZT plots (from 136 plants m^?2 to 25 and 46 plants m^?2, in 2013 and 2014 respectively). The same trend was observed in Portulaca oleracea recorded in ZT plots, but the abundance of Amaranthus blitoides did not vary in this system. Weed seedling germination and weed seed numbers both of total weed seedbank and Portulaca oleracea, were greater in ZT plots compared to CT, regarding Amaranthus blitoides seedling germination and seed count, the values did not increase with ZT, in continuous maize crops.     

长期不同施肥措施水稻土可矿化氮与微生物量氮关系的研究

采用短期淹水密闭培养法、长期淹水密闭培养-间歇淋洗法及氯仿薰蒸法,探讨不施氮肥、施氮肥、氮肥 有机肥、氮肥 有机肥 放萍4种施肥措施,连续16年长期定位试验水稻土的可矿化氮及微生物量氮的变化.结果表明:经过16年培肥及水稻种植,与不施氮肥相比,单施化学氮肥使水稻土可矿化氮数量极显著下降(p＜0.01),化学氮肥与有机肥配施可极显著地提高水稻土可矿化氮数量(p＜0.01);而化学氮肥及化学氮肥与有机肥配施均可极显著增加水稻土微生物量氮的数量(p＜0.01),但以单施化学氮肥增加的幅度最大.与氮肥和有机肥配施相比,在此基础上,连续7年水稻插秧后接种“Azolla“固氮菌体,水稻土可矿化氮及微生物量氮数量均无显著变化.两种培养方法,水稻土可矿化氮量与微生物氮量之间无密切联系,但水稻土可矿化氮和矿化氮与微生物量氮比率之间则有密切正相关关系.     

稻田长期垄作免耕对土壤肥力性状的影响研究

以长期田间定位试验为基本材料,研究了长期垄作免耕对稻田土壤肥力性状的影响.结果表明稻田长期垄作免耕有利于土壤结构的形成,土壤中＜0.01mm土粒团聚度增大,＞0.01mm有机微团聚体和＞0.01mm铁、铝-有机微团聚体所占比例表现为不同程度的提高,＞0.01mm元机微团聚体和钙、镁-有机微团聚体显著下降.免耕10年后,稻田长期垄作免耕土壤表层有机质含量提高,0～10cm土层的有机质含量达47.5g/kg,比常规平作高41.1%,比水旱轮作高51.3%,比试验前增加了89.0%;随着土壤层次的下移,各处理的土壤有机质含量降低.垄作免耕与常规平作和水旱轮作相比,土壤中的氮、磷、钾含量增加,稻田垄作免耕有利于土壤的定向培肥.     

Chemical characteristics and potential source of fulvic acids leached from the plow layer of paddy soil

To understand better the chemical characteristics and source of dissolved organic matter (DOM) leached from the plow layer of rice paddies, a lysimeter study was conducted, which simulated submerged paddy topsoil during rice growth. The fulvic acid (FA) fraction in the percolation water from the lysimeter was collected by adsorption onto insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and the temporal variations in its elemental composition, molecular size distribution, IR spectra, ¹³C CPMAS NMR spectra, and δ¹³C values were investigated. The proportion of the FA fraction to bulk DOM varied greatly, but the chemical characteristics of the FA fraction did not change appreciably during the experimental period. Thus, it is considered that the changes in the DOM composition in percolation water were mainly due to the differing contributions of the FA fraction. Further, to investigate the source of the FA fraction in the leachate, the chemical characteristics of the FA fraction in the leachate were compared with those extracted from the plow layer soil. A sequential extraction of the FA fraction was conducted using a sequence of water, 0.25 M Na₂SO₄, 0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 7.0), 0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 10.5), and NaBH₄+0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 10.5). It was found that the water- and 0.25 M Na₂SO₄-extractable fractions, which were most mobile, were not the only source of the FA fraction in the leachate. The small molecular size sub-fraction of the NaBH₄+0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 10.5)-extractable FAs, most of which are probably bound mainly to iron oxides, are considered to be another source of the FA fraction leached from the plow layer of paddy fields.     

储藏条件对水稻种子发芽活性影响的研究

文章讨论了储藏中水稻种子的水分含量、储藏温度和气体条件（如ＣＯ２气体、脱氧剂等）对水稻处子发芽活性的影响。     

组合式轴流装置谷物流运动分析——基于高速摄像技术

基于高速摄像技术对组合式轴流装置脱分空间的自由籽粒、短茎秆和中长茎秆的运动状况进行了观察与数据采集,得出它们的运动轨迹和速度图,并进行分析.通过对谷物流的整体运动进行观察和分析,为建模与仿真研究奠定了基础.     

柔性滚筒结构参数对水稻脱粒效果的影响试验

刚性脱粒冲击力较大,造成水稻籽粒破碎或破损.为了降低脱粒过程籽粒破碎或破损,设计了柔性脱粒滚筒,并对其开闭型式、脱粒齿直径、长度和迹距等结构参数进行了试验.单因素试验结果表明:脱粒齿直径、齿长对脱粒性能影响极显著,齿迹距对脱粒性能影响不显著,滚筒型式对脱粒性能影响有差异.正交试验结果表明:脱粒齿直径和齿长的交互作用对破碎率和未脱净率影响大,未脱净率低的较优组合是柔性齿直径为8mm,齿长为75mm,齿迹距为55mm的等齿迹距滚筒;破碎率小的较优组合是柔性齿直径为45mm,齿长为75mm,齿迹距为45mm的等齿迹距滚筒.     

河西灌漠土钾素状况及当季施肥效应

多点调查表明，河西灌漠土全钾比70年代末平均降低了24.4%，速效钾平均下降了41.2%。剖面分布为：耕作层全钾平均为1.30%，20～60cm土层平均1.27%～1.38%，底土平均1.26%；缓效钾平均为946～1 006mg/kg，剖面差异不大；速效钾 0～20cm土层为145mg/kg，20～100cm平均101～114mg/kg。春小麦、玉米、甜菜、洋芋单作当季施钾均无明显增产效应；带田玉米施化学钾肥增产8.5%，施土粪增产9.7%～11.3%，但增效不稳定。