红壤区不同母质对水稻土土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

[目的]探究红壤区不同母质发育水稻土团聚体稳定性的差异,为红壤区土壤资源的利用开发提供理论基础.[方法]选择红壤区6种不同母质发育耕作层和犁底层水稻土,选择无水酒精、0.1 mol/L NaOH溶液、0.002％Na2CO3溶液和0.1 mol/L NaCl溶液作为分散液,以超纯水为对照,采用湿筛法测定水稳性团聚体量....     

花椒废弃物功能化利用研究进展

花椒种植、采收与加工过程会产生大量废弃物,但通常被直接丢弃或焚烧,造成环境污染与资源浪费问题。围绕花椒废弃物功能性成分开发相应产品对提高花椒产业附加值,促进产业健康持续发展具有重要意义。文章梳理了花椒籽、花椒渣、花椒籽粕、花椒枝叶与花椒根等废弃物所含功能性成分,围绕花椒废弃物抑菌抗炎、抗肿瘤、杀虫、抗氧化与抗血小板聚集等药理活性进行了综述。并对花椒废弃物在高吸附活性炭、医疗功能材料、环保型涂料、皮革加脂剂与功能性助剂等功能性材料方面的应用研究进行了介绍。最后,围绕花椒废弃物功能性成分及功能化利用研究现状,展望了花椒废弃物利用的新方向。     

分子蒸馏及其在天然产物分离提纯方面的应用研究进展

阐述了分子蒸馏的基本原理及其区别于常规蒸馏的主要特点,并介绍了分子蒸馏在天然产物分离提纯方面的应用研究进展。     

基于热致液晶弹性体的仿生心脏泵的设计

为设计一款仿生心脏功能较佳的心室泵,采用柔性、热致伸缩的热致形变弹性体代替心肌,根据螺旋心室心肌带理论,选择心肌带的左心室段,并选取了Hilbert平面填充曲线作为热致导体在热致形变弹性体中的走行方式,设计出与真实心脏类似的心室泵结构.通过试验测量了所设计的心室泵的射血分数与心率,结果显示该心室泵的搏出量高于自然心脏,而其心率远低于自然心脏.相对于机械泵,所设计的心室泵结构与真实心脏类似,具有收缩能力强,射血分数高的优点,且不易破坏血细胞,生物相容性较好.不足之处在于,热致动液晶弹性体变形响应慢,暂时还未能达到正常心脏的心率.论证了构建双稳态结构,提高仿生心室泵效率的可能性,以及对于心肌纤维走向较为复杂的其他心肌带段,双轴拉伸机械雕刻对其仿生的可能性.此研究可为容积心脏泵的研发提供新的思路,也可以对右心衰竭等心脏疾病起到辅助治疗的作用.     

木质包装中黄斑星天牛微波处理初探

为了探索微波处理作为木质包装替代处理方法的可能性,对不同规格和含水量的杨树木块进行微波处理试验,结果表明:频率为2450MHz的微波能够穿透厚度为10cm的杨树木材;当微波功率为900W时,规格为10cm×10cm×10cm和10cm×10cm×2.5cm的新木块中黄斑星天牛(Anoplophora nobolis)幼虫完全死亡所需时间分别为5min和2min;而干木块中则仅需3min和30s.对微波处理引起木材温度变化和水分损失以及天牛幼虫的水分损失进行了初步研究.     

城市污水处理厂污泥处理处置及利用浅析

污泥的处理处置与利用是当今面临的重要问题.文章分析了我国污泥处理的现状,介绍了污泥的组成、性质,讨论了污泥处理处置的各种方法及利用方式,最终得出了污泥的材料化利用是污泥处置的理想途径的结论.     

草莓采后病原菌分离及天然物对其抑制作用

以云南省玉溪市所产草莓为材料,研究草莓在贮藏中的主要病害及病原真菌,并采用滤纸片扩散法,用多种天然植物提取液对病原菌进行了抑菌试验,目的在于找到对病原菌有抑制作用的天然物质。通过试验,分离、鉴定出黑根霉Rhizopus stolonifer(Ehrenb.ex Fr.)Vuill.、青霉属Penicilliumsp.、灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinereaPers.ex Fr.、草芽枝霉Cladosporium herbarum(Pers.)Link ex Gray 4种病原真菌,找到了对4种病原真菌有抑制作用的天然植物提取液,并确定了最低抑制浓度(MIC)。     

Monitoring of subaqueous depots with active barrier systems for contaminated dredged material using dialysis samplers and DGT probes

Background, Aims and Scope  Disposal of dredged material in subaqueous depots is increasingly considered an economic and ecologically sound option in managing contaminated dredged material. The concept of subaqueous disposals capped with active barrier systems has been developed to minimize this risk of contaminant release. As such a depot represents a permanent installation within a sensitive ecosystem, it requires a thorough monitoring concept. It is the goal of this work to develop such a concept regarding general considerations and results of laboratory and field investigations. Methods  In addition to the state-of-the-art techniques developed for other under-water constructions, this monitoring concept is developed with particular respect to the chemical isolation of the dredged material from the overlying water body. It comprises the use of seepage meters, dialysis samplers, and DGT gel probes for determining the migration of selected target solutes. The capability of the dialysis samplers is demonstrated by comparing field results with model calculations. The appropriateness of DGT probes to assess the impact of humic substances on trace metal speciation and on copper toxicity is demonstrated with the aid of laboratory experiments. Results and Discussion  The experimental results show that, by using dialysis samplers, the temporal changes in concentration-depth-profiles of heavy metals in the pore solution can be monitored. Additionally, the application of DGT probes facilitates the in situ detection of labile species of a metal in the presence of dissolved humic substances, which serves to reflect its toxicity. Conclusions. Three subsequent monitoring phases are distinguished on the basis of both general considerations and the findings from field results: A hydraulic phase that is characterized by compaction and pore water expulsion, a geochemical phase in which the demobilization of pollutants can occur due to substantial changes in the physico-chemical conditions (pH, EH), and a steady-state-phase where pore water flow and geochemical conditions are approaching their minimum. Recommendations and Outlook  The monitoring concept suggested here provides a versatile tool to assess the chemical isolation of subaqueous sediment depots and other contaminated sediment sites. This is of great importance as subaqueous disposal is increasingly considered a future management strategy as space for upland disposal is limited and treatment, in general, proves to be too costly.     

笼底材料、密度和性别组群对肉鸡胸囊肿发生及胸肌成分的影响

该研究采用了三因素三水平的正交试验设计,就笼底材料、饲养密度、性别组群等三因素对3～6周龄笼养AA肉仔鸡发生胸囊肿及对其胸肌成分的影响进行了研究。结果表明：铁丝笼底、高饲养密度(17.25只/m²)、公鸡组的发病率最高,平均达34.09%,并显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。铁丝笼底显著高于塑料和竹竿笼底(P<0.05),高密度(17.25只/m²)显著高于低密度(10.98只/m²)(P<0.05),笼底材料是导致胸囊肿发病的主要环境因素,而性别组群对其无显著影响(P>0.05)。不同笼底下胸肌水分和蛋白质含量以竹竿笼底的含量最高,铁丝笼底下的胸肌蛋白含量最低(P<0.05)。胸肌脂肪则不受笼底、密度和性别组群的影响。因此,该试验表明,竹竿笼底和塑料笼底材料可降低笼养肉仔鸡胸囊肿的发病率,有利于提高其胸肌品质。     

有机物料对砂姜黑土的改良效应及其机制

通过田间定位试验、温室培育试验和一系列物理、化学性质的测定 ,探讨了三种有机物料对淮北低产土壤—砂姜黑土的改良效果及机理。结果表明 ,有机物料回归土壤能增加土壤孔隙度 ,降低容重 ,改善土壤通透性和保水保肥性能 ,提高土壤的缓冲性。同时提供多种有效养分 ,培肥土壤 ,并表现为增加作物产量。其机理不仅在于所提供的腐殖质能降低砂姜黑土中含量过高的蒙脱石矿物的剪切应力 ,抑制其胀缩性 ,而且还在于它们能提供形成有机无机复合团聚体所必须的活性有机胶体 ,以及其有机酸能溶解土中原有的CaCO3成为活性的Ca2 离子 ,后者是形成复合团聚体的桥梁 ,从而改善了土壤的结构性能等。