水稻根表铁膜对磷的富集作用及其与水稻磷吸收的关系

采用溶液培养方法,使铁毒耐性不同的两个基因型水稻根表分别形成有铁膜和无铁膜的根系,研究水稻根表铁膜对磷的富集作用及其与水稻磷吸收的关系。不同基因型水稻根表形成的铁膜厚度存在显著差异,对介质中磷的富集能力也有显著差异。根表形成的铁膜越厚,对介质中磷的富集作用也越大,即根表铁膜数量与铁膜对磷的富集量呈显著正相关。铁膜对磷的富集作用是一个化学过程,吸附可在0.5~1.0 h内达到饱和。根表铁膜明显促进水稻对磷的吸收,表明在淹水降低土壤磷有效性时,水稻根表铁膜富集的磷可作为磷库,保证水稻能正常吸收利用磷。     

基于临界氮浓度稀释曲线的小麦氮肥需求量估测研究

为探究基于临界氮浓度稀释曲线估测小麦氮素需求量的可行性,基于不同生态区开展的不同品种及氮肥水平的小麦试验,结合小麦临界氮浓度曲线(N_c=4.16W~(-0.41)),构建了拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期和开花期四个关键生育时期下,小麦氮营养指数(NNI)、氮素需求量(NR)及相对产量(RY)三者间的关系模型,并进行了验证。结果表明,在江苏地区,当总施氮量在120～180kg·hm~(-2)时,小麦的氮素需求量最接近于0,氮营养指数最接近于1,为最优的氮素施用量。氮营养指数与氮素需求量(NNI-NR)在小麦生长的各关键阶段存在极强的线性关系(R~2=0.93～0.97);相对产量与氮营养指数(RY-NNI)在各生育时期呈现线性加平台关系,在开花期表现最好,R~2=0.86;相对产量与氮素需求量(RY-NR)的拟合关系在抽穗期表现最好,R~2值为0.72。NNI-NR验证结果与建模结果一致,即在各时期均表现良好,其中拔节期相关关系最强;但RY-NNI和RY-NR验证结果显示两模型分别在开花期和抽穗期预测效果表现最佳。综上,所构建的NNI-NR、RY-NNI和RY-NR三种模型均具有良好的拟合优度和稳定性,运用基于临界氮浓度曲线的小麦氮营养指数和确立的相对产量水平,可以较好地估测当季的小麦氮素需求量,并进行小麦田间氮素精确管理。     

Dominant sources of dietary carbon and nitrogen for shrimp reared in extensive rice-shrimp ponds

Stable isotope analysis was used to determine the sources of dietary nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) for shrimp during the rearing phase in extensive rice‐shrimp ponds in My Xuyen and Gia Rai districts, Vietnam. Farm‐made feed was added as a food source in shrimp ponds in My Xuyen district, and based on stable isotope analyses, was generally a poor dietary source. The commercial formulated feed used in Gia Rai also appeared to contribute little directly to the nutritional needs of the shrimp. In contrast, the natural biota in all ponds appeared to contribute substantially. In particular, biota from beam trawls and benthic organic matter were the most likely sources of nutrition in My Xuyen ponds, while benthic organic matter was the main source in Gia Rai ponds. δ¹⁵N ratios in the natural biota in My Xuyen farms decreased over the growing season, suggesting increased N fixation in the case of the benthic organic matter reaching values as low as 1‰. This suggests N‐limitation in the ponds and that natural biota become increasingly dependent on N fixed by algae and/or other microorganisms. There is the potential to promote the growth of the plankton and hence, the other natural biota, by the judicious addition of fertilizer.     

苏尼特羊营养补偿初期钙、磷、氮代谢研究

将45只处于妊娠后期(90～150 d)的苏尼特母羊随机分成4组,以不同的营养水平(ME:0.20、0.33、0.44、0.86MJ·kg-1·W-0.75·d-1)分组饲养,分娩后进行补偿生长试验,研究妊娠后期不同营养限制程度的母羊在补偿初期(分娩后0～6周)对饲料中钙、磷以及氮的代谢规律.结果表明,受限制各组母羊在补偿初期,随着受限程度的降低,钙、磷平衡(g·d-1)值呈升高的趋势,氮平衡(g·d-1)值呈下降的趋势.     

Soil fertility ‐ crop genotype associations and interactions 1

This paper discusses the opportunities to combine the efforts of plant geneticists and soil scientists to develop crop varieties adapted to the existing soil conditions and techniques used for production. Such research should result in improved varieties for the best as well as poorest of soil and production situations.     

Studies on post‐reddening changes in amino acid content leaves of hirsutum cotton and its control with chemicals

The aspartic acid,tyrosine and serine contents of leaves were found reduced in prematurely reddened leaves of hirsutum cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) as compared to healthy green leaves. Amino acids other than those listed above were higher in the affected red leaves. Amino acids threonine and proline increased 63.7 and 2.3 fold over green leaves respectively. Chemical sprays not only maintained the levels of various amino acids at par with green leaf but tended to increase the concentration above the levels obtained in normally found green leaf. However, threonine level was dropped in treated leaves as compared to partly affected red leaf and chemical sprays significantly reduced the leaf reddening when it was sprayed before flowering. It can be suggested that the leaf reddening can possibly be arrested by monitoring threonine content in leaves of hirsutum cotton ov. L‐147.     

施用生物炭和零价铁粉对土壤中镉形态变化的影响

通过施用生物碳和还原性铁粉,研究其对土壤镉形态变化的影响.结果表明:生物碳或还原性铁粉单施及二者配施均极显著改变土壤镉形态.其中生物炭、还原性铁粉二者配施效果优于单施;单施生物炭主要对交换态镉的降低效果显著,同时对碳酸盐结合态镉、有机结合态镉及残渣态镉的形成起显著作用;而单施还原性铁粉对铁锰氧化结合态镉的形成起显著作用.另外,镉的活性指数从4.36降到0.97,不同形态镉含量的最大变化为,交换态镉比例从81.04％降到49.16％;碳酸盐结合态镉从9.44％升到17.93％;铁锰氧化结合态镉从2.95％升到10.88％;有机结合态镉从2.66％升到11.33％;残渣态镉从3.91％升到14.42％.在16个处理中,I3B2(铁粉0.045 g/kg土和生物炭3.0 g/kg土)处理为最佳组合.     

Is PLOS ONE Attracting Highly Cited Papers in the Food Sciences? Comparing Authors' Most Cited Work to Their PLOS ONE Articles Published 2006–2016

Since 2007, the Open Access journal PLOS ONE has published 194,622 expert-reviewed scientific papers, including 85 related to the human food sciences such as food safety, general food science, and nutrition. Seventy-five of their corresponding authors had previously published. Their most cited articles in other journals were identified and citation counts compared against those earned by their PLOS ONE papers. No PLOS ONE food sciences paper has yet been cited more than an author's best effort in the field in other journals. More than half (38) of the 75 PLOS ONE papers studied remain uncited even by their own authors.     

几种胡敏酸还原容量的表征与比较

还原容量(RC)是衡量胡敏酸(HA)还原特性的重要指标。采用饱和H2振荡法和土壤溶液法对HA分别进行化学和微生物预处理,分别以硝酸铁(Fe(NO3)3)、柠檬酸铁(FeCit)作电子受体,测定了三种HA(上海巨枫SH,天津光复TJ,缙云山JY)的本底还原容量(NRC),化学还原容量(CRC),微生物还原容量(MRC)。对不同电子受体条件下、不同初始状态和不同种类的胡敏酸的RC进行比较。结果表明：三种HA中,以缙云山土壤提取的胡敏酸RC值最高,还原容量最大,分别为20.21?0.26mmolc mol-1C (NRC)、26.02?1.12mmolc mol-1C (CRC)和29.29?1.56mmolc mol-1C (MRC)。两种电子受体中,采用Fe(NO3)3得到的RC明显高于在FeCit条件下。另外,溶液态HA的RC明显高于固态。由此证明胡敏酸还原容量是一个相对量;其容量大小不仅和自身结构、性质有关,也受到HA初始形态和不同电子受体的影响。对比三个还原容量指标发现CRC和MRC显著大于NRC,而CRC和MRC之间无明确大小关系,因此用CRC来表征HA被微生物还原后的还原容量(MRC)还需作进一步验证。