Comparing Nutrient Availability in Low-Fertility Soils using Ion Exchange Resin Capsules

Assessing the nutrient status of low-input, low-fertility desert soils poses some unique challenges. Commonly used soil analysis procedures and resin capsules generally assess nutrient status of fertile agricultural soils. Ion-exchange resin capsules (Unibest Company, Bozeman, Mont.) provide a viable alternative. A study was conducted to determine effectiveness of resin capsules to extract low levels of nutrients applied to native soils. Loamy sand and sandy clay loam desert soils from Utah were treated with combinations of four rates of nitrogen (N) as ammonium nitrate (34–0–0), three rates of phosphorus (P) as phosphoric acid (0–72–0), and two rates of iron sulfate (FeSO₄·7H₂O) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄·7H₂O) (include an untreated control). Each soil treatment was implanted with a resin capsule placed into either 250 or 1000 cm³ of soil after addition of water equivalent to 50% field capacity and incubated for either 60 or 120 days at 25 °C. After the appropriate incubation time, capsules were washed and extracted using 2 M hydrochloric acid (HCl), and the extract was used to measure iron (Fe), ammonium (NH₄)-N, nitrate (NO₃)-N, sulfur (S), and zinc (Zn). Conventional soil tests were completed on incubated soils (60 or 120 days). Resin capsules reflected NH₄-N and P fertilizer applied at low rates in the loamy sand but not in the sandy clay loam. Neither Fe nor Zn application was reflected in resin capsules, but the accompanying S was clearly quantified. In comparison to conventional soil test procedures, resin capsule NH₄-N was clearly a better indicator than KCl-extractable NH₄-N; resin capsule NO₃-N was effective, but not as good an indicator as water extraction; and resin capsule P was reflective of soil applied P in loamy sand but not in sandy clay loam, whereas sodium bicarbonate was effective in both soils. Resin capsules show promise for use in low-input conditions, but additional understanding of interactions in variable soils is needed.     

Prediction of grain protein content in winter wheat through leaf color measurements using a chlorophyll meter

A field trial was conducted over a 3-year period at the Hokkaido Kitami Agricultural Experiment Station to examine whether the grain protein content (GPC) of a winter wheat cultivar (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chihokukomugi) suitable for Japanese noodle-making could be predicted before harvest. The prediction of the GPC was accurate based on the color of the second leaf (just below the flag leaf) at the end of the emergence of the inflorescence, when nitrogen application was graded. In order to evaluate the reliability of this test, a survey of 95 wheat fields in the eastern part of Hokkaido was also carried out during a 3-year period. The prediction of the GPC for this cultivar based on the color of the second leaf was less accurate across many sites. The results of this survey, however, suggested that the leaf color could be used as an index for ranking the GPC as low or high in relation to processing requirements. When the leaf color value of the second leaf measured with a chlorophyll meter at the end of the emergence of the inflorescence was less than 40, it was predicted that the GPC would be lower than the processing requirement. This index could be applied to the cultivars grown in the eastern part of Hokkaido, except for those grown on peat soils.     

果糖的利用现状及其与现代流行病的关系研究进展

果糖作为一种大多数水果中普遍存在的成分,长时间被人们所食用。20世纪70年代果糖生产技术瓶颈获得突破,被商品化应用于饮料、焙烤食品、蜜饯类等诸多食品当中,直至20世纪末期果糖因其甜度高、口感醇、代谢途径不同于蔗糖,而一直被认为是一种可取代蔗糖的具有保健功能的糖类,并推荐作为糖尿病患者的食用糖。近年来,随着研究手段的提高、研究人员对果糖营养学问题的更加关注,很多新的研究发现,果糖的大量食用可导致一些现代常见流行病的发生,如心脏病、心血管疾病、高血压、血液指标异常、增加代谢综合征的出现几率,甚至增加癌症的发病几率。通过对近年来果糖相关的营养学问题、食用安全性问题,以及果糖与现代流行病的关系进行阐述,为合理利用果糖提供一定的参考依据。     

大豆连作土壤肥力变化与有害生物发生的关系

1995—2003年采用定点定期采样系统调查与室内测定相结合的方法,针对连作大豆土壤营养含量、病虫基数与植株体营养,生物学性状、病虫草发生及产量品质的关系进行了研究,并对各相关性状间的关系进行了系统的统计分析,建立了数学模型,对指导大豆的高产优质栽培具有重要的意义。     

根系不同分隔方式下油菜和鹰嘴豆对小麦锰营养的影响

通过根系分隔盆栽试验,研究了油菜和鹰嘴豆对小麦生长及锰营养的影响.结果表明:与油菜或鹰嘴豆混作能显著改善小麦生长及锰营养,其地上部干质量和吸收锰量均以根系不分隔处理显著高于根系完全分隔处理,但油菜和鹰嘴豆的生长受小麦抑制,表现为不分隔处理地上部干质量及吸锰量显著低于完全分隔.不施锰小麦/油菜和小麦/鹰嘴豆混作体系中,根系不分隔处理小麦根区土壤DTPA-Mn含量显著高于其他分隔方式,且油菜或鹰嘴豆地上部植株锰含量显著高于相应的混作小麦,在锰胁迫条件下,油菜和鹰嘴豆根系活化的土壤锰可被小麦吸收利用.因此与油菜或鹰嘴豆混作是改善小麦锰营养的有效途径之一.     

灰口铸铁电弧热焊法补焊工艺的研究

文章分析了灰口铸铁的焊接性和常用的焊接方法,阐述了电弧热焊法对灰口铸铁进行补焊时的焊接工艺。     

低比转速离心泵塑料叶轮设计

以一台低比转速离心泵铸铁叶轮水力模型为原型,将其材质替换为塑料.考虑泵效率提升和注塑工艺可行性对叶轮几何参数进行修改:减小叶轮外径,增加叶轮出口宽度;考虑塑料结构工艺对叶轮结构进行调整:后盖板外侧设置加强筋,轮毂处加铜嵌件,盖板与叶片结合处添加定位孔销和焊接用导熔线。将塑料叶轮和铸铁叶轮安装在同一泵体进行对比测试。测试结果表明:塑料叶轮设计工况点泵的效率由56%提高到60%,增加了4%,既达到国家节能效率指标,又为用户节省了用电费用。     

不同营养和培养条件对黑白轮枝菌生长的影响

对黑白轮枝菌(Verticillium albo-atrum)在不同营养和培养条件下的生长情况进行了研究.结果表明,黑白轮枝菌在甜菜、甜瓜及梅干培养基生长较好,在Christen培养基上生长很慢.该病菌能充分利用甘露醇和天门冬酰胺,在3～28℃均能生长,最适生长温度为20～23℃,在2℃或29℃时,该病菌停止生长;该病菌的上限致死温度为45℃处理7 h;该病菌很耐低温,在-25℃条件下存放18个月仍具有活性,在pH4～11均能生长,在pH6.5左右时生长速度最快,当pH＜3.5或＞11.5时,该病菌不能生长.     

辣椒地方品种的主成分分析及数量分类

为了进一步优化辣椒杂交品种，估算了36个辣椒地方品种的主要病害抗性、果实营养含量和农艺性状等15个性状的主成分值，并将其分为5大类．结果表明：数量分类的结果基本反映了辣椒品种间的遗传差异，符合实际情况．当主成分的特征值的累计贡献率大于75％时，主成分值就能基本反映原来性状的遗传特征．比较不同的系统聚类方法，类平均法较好地适用于辣椒品种的数量分类。     

全有机营养液基质袋栽优质西瓜品种的筛选

【目的】研究全有机营养液基质袋栽条件下不同品种西瓜产量与品质的差异,筛选适宜全有机营养基质袋式栽培模式的西瓜品种。【方法】以14个西瓜品种(红小玉、苏梦907-099、苏梦RS66-57、小兰、苏梦907-126、苏梦907-032、早佳84-24、苏创5号、苏创4号、苏创907-145、苏创907-124、苏创907-144、苏创907-147、苏梦6号)为研究对象,其中苏梦6号同时用基质袋栽和土壤栽培方式,其他品种用基质袋栽方式,比较不同品种西瓜产量、果形指数、果皮厚度、单果质量等商品性状,中心可溶性固形物、边际可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖、还原糖、维生素C、可溶性蛋白含量等营养风味品质,以及挥发性物质含量、特征香气成分等芳香特性,通过顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术提取和分析不同品种西瓜挥发性物质成分,依据相对气味活度值筛选各品种西瓜关键香气成分,采用系统聚类法对西瓜品种进行分类,基于AHP-熵权法结合博弈论原理对不同西瓜品种品质进行综合评价。【结果】在全有机营养液基质袋式栽培条件下,苏创907-147产量最高,达54 125 kg/hm²;苏梦6号果皮最薄,仅4.18 mm;苏梦6号中心可溶性固形物、边际可溶性固形物及维生素C含量最高,分别为13.53%,11.37%,30.06 μg/g;从不同西瓜品种中共检测出114种挥发性物质,苏创907-145和苏创907-147中相对含量最高的分别是反,顺-2,6-壬二烯醛和十一醇,其余品种中均以顺-3-壬烯-1-醇相对含量最高;检测到的挥发性化合物包括醇类、醛类、烯类、酮类、烷类、呋喃类、酯类、其他类8大类,苏创907-145中醛类化合物相对含量最高,其余品种均以醇类化合物相对含量最高;苏梦RS66-57、小兰和苏创907-145挥发性物质成分较为特殊;苏创907-145中反,顺-2,6-壬二烯醛（黄瓜味）对总体风味贡献最高,早佳84-24、苏创907-144、苏创907-147、苏梦6号（土壤栽培）中顺,顺-3,6-壬二烯醛（瓜味、清香、稍有奶香）对总体风味的贡献最高,其余品种中贡献最高的为顺-3-壬烯-1-醇（清香、动物脂味）;苏创907-124香气最浓郁,芳香化合物总含量和关键香气成分总含量分别达到744.03和498.26 mg/kg,且香味独特。利用组合赋权法对不同品种进行综合打分,得分最高的为苏梦6号（基质袋栽方式）。【结论】供试14个西瓜品种中,苏梦6号最适宜进行全有机营养液基质袋式栽培。