ICS-90型离子色谱测定饮用水中硫酸根离子的不确定度分析

科学准确地测定硫酸根高子,对于评价饮用水水质好坏,保障人体健康有重要意义.本文依据CNAS-GL06《化学分析中不确定度的评估指南》,通过采样分析、试验,对离子色谱法测定水中硫酸根离子的不确定度进行了评定.结果表明,水中硫酸根离子浓度为49.683 mg/L,扩展不确定度为1.364 mg/L,不确定度的最大来源是拟合...     

Ionoregulatory responses to temperature change in two species of freshwater fish

We examined the ionoregulatory responses to temperature changes in two species of freshwater fish that differ in thermal preferences; the stenothermal, cold-water rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the more eurythermal, warm-water common shiner (Notropis cornutus). We found that rainbow trout maintained constant plasma Na⁺ levels over the entire temperature regime (5–20 °C). Upon transfer from 15 °C (holding temperature) to 5 and 10 °C, rainbow trout experienced a significant drop in Na⁺ uptake (J_in ^Na), but after two weeks J_in ^Na had upregulated to warm temperature levels. Further, Na⁺ efflux (J_out ^Na) fell significantly at the colder temperatures. As a result, trout at the lowest temperatures were still in ion balance. When trout were exercised to exhaustion both O₂ consumption (MO₂) and J_out ^Na rose significantly at all temperatures, but while MO₂ continued to be dependent upon temperature, J_out ^Na was high and constant. In contrast to the trout, common shiners experienced a 20% drop in plasma Na⁺ at 5 °C. Upon exposure to cold temperatures they experienced a reduced J_in ^Na, and showed no signs of acclimation during the subsequent two weeks. Likewise J_out ^Na was constant at all temperatures. These findings raise questions regarding the degree to which fish employ homeostatic mechanisms designed to defend a set- point (i.e., steady-state) osmolarity and ionic composition.     

Determination of a tissue and sediment threshold for tributyltin to protect prey species of juvenile salmonids listed under the US Endangered Species Act

• 1. The purpose of this report is to determine the concentrations of tributyltin in sediments that would be protective against adverse effects on prey species of salmonids listed under the US Endangered Species Act.
• 2. Two approaches for determining adverse sediment concentrations due to tributyltin (TBT) contamination are presented here. The first is the equilibrium partitioning (EqP) approach, which relies on a sediment‐water partition coefficient and toxicological data for water exposures. The EqP approach utilizes the large water quality database that has been generated over the last two decades for TBT and provides strong evidence for adverse effects at low exposure concentrations.
• 3. The second approach involves determination of a TBT tissue residue that is considered harmful for most species, which is then used to predict the sediment concentration that would likely produce this adverse tissue concentration.
• 4. Both approaches are presented here because they generally support each other but based on the information presented below, and the inherent difficulty in measuring porewater concentrations, the tissue residue approach is the recommended method for determining adverse sediment concentrations.
• 5. Using this analysis, the protective sediment concentration for TBT proposed here is 6000 ng g^?1organic carbon. Direct effects are not expected on salmonids at this sediment concentration because of their relatively short residence time in the estuary, general lack of interaction with sediment, and relatively high metabolic capacity. This concentration may ensure adequate abundance of salmonid prey species; however, it may not be low enough for the protection of sensitive benthic species.

Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

改性橙皮对水溶液中Fe2+的吸附性能

以橙皮作为吸附剂研究了橙皮对Fe2+的吸附性能.探讨了溶液pH、初始浓度、投加量及温度等因素对Fe2+吸附效果的影响,采用正交试验法得出橙皮对Fe2+的最佳吸附条件,并对吸附过程进行动力学与热力学研究.结果表明,吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温模式,橙皮对Fe2+的吸附动力学模型符合准二级动力学方程.当pH为5、温度为50℃、投加量为8 g/L、溶液的初始浓度为10 mg/L时,橙皮对Fe2+的吸附效果最佳,废水的pH对吸附效果的影响最大,溶液的初始浓度和吸附温度次之,吸附剂的用量影响最小.     

莫桑比克鳗鲡养殖生物学主要特性研究

对莫桑比克鳗鲡（Anguillamor morata）玻璃鳗经形态学鉴定品种后,开展了主要养殖生物学特性研究。耐受高温和低温分别为39℃和7℃,适宜生存水温15℃～33℃;耐受盐度与水温相关,水温30℃致死盐度2．9％,适宜盐度小于1．1％,20℃致死盐度2．7％,适宜盐度小于1．8％,10℃致死盐度2．1％,适宜盐度小于2．0％;耐受pH值与水温相关,30℃致死pH值分别为3．5和11．0,适宜pH值6．0—7．0,20℃致死pH值分别为4．0和11．0,适宜pH值6．0～8．0,10℃致死pH值分别为3．5和10．5,适宜pH值5．5—8．5。常用药物S高聚碘、二氧化氯、三氯异氰尿酸、苯扎溴铵、溴氯海因、甲醛、敌百虫的安全浓度高于或接近常用浓度,硫酸铜、溴氰菊脂乳油、氯氰菊脂、甲苯咪唑的安全浓度低于常用浓度。水体中非离子态氨的安全浓度为2．51mg／L,亚硝酸氮的安全浓度为55．12mg／L。     

菲律宾蛤仔对镉、铜暴露的蓄积作用及其抗氧化酶系统的响应研究

研究了镉（Cd）、铜（Cu）2种重金属单一暴露下菲律宾蛤仔（Ruditapes philippinarum）肝胰腺和鳃组织内的重金属富集特征和抗氧化酶活力变化特点。结果表明,蛤仔肝胰腺与鳃对Cd、Cu的富集量随重金属浓度与暴靠时间的增加而增火,具有明显的浓度效应与时间效应;菲律宾蛤仔对Cd的富集能力高于Cu,H．肝胰腺中审盖属的蓄积量高于鳃;蛤仔肝胰腺和鳃组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱廿肽过氧化物酶（（;Px）和谷胱竹肽硫转移酶（CST）活力在暴露的某些时段被显著诱导（P〈0．05）,似随暴露时问延长或重金属浓度增加,SODf11GST活力则被显著抑制（P〈O．05）,而CPx活力随暴露时问延K逐渐恢复至对照组水平、菲律宾蛤仔肝胰腺和鳃2种组织中SOD和GST的活性变化可作为海洋Cu^2＋Cd^2＋钙染的牛物标志物．     

杀虫双对杜氏盐藻生长和生理生化的影响

以一种具有环境耐性的单细胞绿藻杜氏盐藻Dunaliella salina作为受试生物,检测一种杀虫剂杀虫双的毒性作用,试验中检测了杀虫双对杜氏盐藻细胞生长、单细胞β胡萝卜素质量、细胞形态变化及超氧化物歧化酶(Super-oxide dismutase,SOD)和过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)活性的影响.结果表明,当杀虫双质量浓度小于0.5 mg.L-1时,细胞的毒性响应与对照的变化趋势类似.当使用1.0～4.0 mg.L-1杀虫双处理盐藻,处理初期细胞生长缓慢和单细胞β胡萝卜素质量降低,一段时间后恢复.当杀虫双质量浓度大于5.0 mg.L-1,细胞生长速度和单细胞β胡萝卜素质量都会一直降低直至检测不到.杀虫双对杜氏盐藻的10 d IC50为32 mg.L-1.试验发现在低浓度下杀虫双会刺激CAT活性的增长.     

Volume regulation in glutathione-treated brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) erythrocytes

Brook trout erythrocytes that were washed with and suspended in Ringer's solution with reduced glutathione (1.0 mM) maintained steady state cell volume for up to 24h, while those without the thiol-protective agent steadily shrank. Changes in cell volume (measured as packed cell volume, PCV) were evoked by acidic media (Ringer's at pH 6.8), hypoosmotic solutions (or both) and intracellular K⁺ and Cl⁻ concentrations were monitored over 4h. Acid-swollen cells failed to volume regulate or release K⁺ but had significantly elevated intracellular Cl⁻ Osmotically-swollen cells at pH 7.8 but not at pH 6.8 underwent regulatory volume decrease (RVD) and returned to initial levels in 2h, accompanied by release of K⁺ and Cl⁻ In contrast, osmotically-shrunken cells did not show regulatory volume increase. The regulatory volume decrease and concomitant K⁺ release were dependent on Cl⁻ implying a direct or indirect coupling of K⁺ to Cl⁻ transport in volume regulation. RVD was partially blocked by 4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (DIDS, 0.1 mM), an anion exchange blocker, but was unaffected by amiloride (1.0 mM) which blocks Na⁺/H⁺ exchange. Amiloride and DIDS prevented the swelling response to low pH but had no effect on control cells, suggesting involvement of Na⁺/H⁺ and Cl⁻/HCO₃ ⁻ exchanges in acid-induced cell swelling. Quinine (1.0 mM) a known blocker of K⁺ channels, exacerbated the osmotically-induced swelling but had little effect on the subsequent RVD and release of KCl. The results suggest that low extracellular pH inhibits neutral C⁻-dependent K⁺ release and the resultant regulatory volume decrease in osmotically-swollen cells.     

三氯生对红白鲫的急性毒性及遗传毒性研究

研究三氯生对红白鲫的急性毒性和遗传毒性作用,为分析评价三氯生对鱼类的生态安全性提供相应的毒理学资料。试验在规格为58 cm×28 cm×36 cm的玻璃水族箱中进行,红白鲫体长6.8~7.5 cm。采用半静态染毒法,设置不同浓度梯度的三氯生染毒组以及空白对照组和二甲基亚砜溶剂对照组,分别进行为期96 h的急性毒性试验和14 d的遗传毒性试验,观察记录死亡数,统计血红细胞微核率和核异常率。三氯生对红白鲫的96 h LC50为1 111.9μg/L。TCS染毒处理14 d后,红白鲫红细胞核异常的情况明显增多,主要是细胞质中有1~2个微核,其他常见核异常为红细胞核质外凸、核质内凹及核内空泡化;空白对照组和溶剂对照组之间核异常比率无显著差异(P0.05),而三氯生暴露各浓度组(600.0、690.0、793.5μg/L)核异常比率均极显著高于对照组(P0.01),且呈现明显的剂量-效应关系。研究表明,三氯生对红白鲫具有潜在的遗传毒性,且毒性效应在特定条件下随着暴露浓度的增加而增强。     

草酸对重寄生真菌盾壳霉分生孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响

 本文研究了草酸对核盘菌的重寄生真菌盾壳霉(Coniothyrium minitans)分生孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响。结果表明:草酸对盾壳霉分生孢子萌发没有明显促进作用,在酸碱性非缓冲基质(水琼脂)和酸碱性缓冲基质中,抑制盾壳霉分生孢子萌发的最低浓度分别为150和700μg/mL。在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基中,当草酸浓度为100~2000μg/mL时,盾壳霉菌丝能够生长,且浓度为300~500μg/mL的草酸对盾壳霉的菌丝生长具有明显的促进作用。在以草酸为唯一碳源的合成培养基中,在酸碱性非缓冲的条件下,当草酸浓度为100~2000μg/mL时,盾壳霉菌丝能够生长,且草酸浓度为500μg/mL时对盾壳霉菌丝生长具有促进作用,而当草酸浓度为2500μg/mL时,盾壳霉菌丝则停止生长。在酸碱性缓冲的合成基质中,草酸浓度为100~4000μg/mL时,盾壳霉菌丝能够生长,且草酸浓度为1500~2500μg/mL时对盾壳霉菌丝生长具有促进作用。在含草酸钙的混浊培养基(以草酸为唯一碳源)上,盾壳霉菌落区域形成了透明圈。上述结果说明盾壳霉能忍耐一定浓度的草酸而进行分生孢子萌发及菌丝生长,且这种真菌可能对草酸分子具有分解作用。