Disulphide structure of high-molecular-weight (HMW-) gliadins as affected by terminators

This study aimed at elucidating SS-bonds of HMW-gliadins (HGL) from wheat with the focus on terminators of glutenin polymerisation. HGL from wheat flour extracts non-treated or treated with the S-alkylation reagent N-ethylmaleinimide (NEMI) were compared. HGL from wheat flour Akteur were isolated, hydrolysed with thermolysin and the resulting peptides pre-separated by gel permeation chromatography and analysed by liquid chromatography/mass-spectrometry using alternating electron transfer dissociation/collision-induced dissociation. Altogether, 22 and 28 SS-peptides from samples without and with NEMI treatment, respectively, were identified. Twenty-six peptides included standard SS-bonds of α- and γ-gliadins, high-molecular-weight and low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits. Eleven SS-bonds were identified for the first time. Fifteen peptides unique to HGL contained cysteine residues from gliadins with an odd number of cysteines (ω5-, α- and γ-gliadins). Thus, gliadins with an odd number of cysteines, glutathione and cysteine had acted as terminators of glutenin polymerisation. Decisive differences between samples without and with NEMI treatment were not obvious showing that the termination of polymerisation was already completed in the flour. The two HGL samples, however, were different in the majority of ten peptides that included disulphide-linked low-molecular-weight (LMW) thiols such as glutathione and cysteine with the former being enriched in the non-treated HGL-sample.     

带裂缝混凝土氯离子扩散作用试验研究及数值模拟

为了准确评估带裂缝工作混凝土结构的耐久性能,针对氯离子在带裂缝混凝土中的扩散过程进行研究。提出了无损制备裂缝的方法,可高效易行地在混凝土侧面及内部产生裂缝。对带裂缝的水泥砂浆试件进行氯盐溶液浸泡试验,深入研究了单缝和双缝试件中氯离子的扩散作用,修正了氯离子的扩散系数,并对带裂缝混凝土的氯离子扩散过程进行了数值模拟。研究结果表明：氯离子会沿裂缝发展方向及垂直于裂缝发展方向扩散,随着水灰比的减小,砂浆试件的抗氯离子扩散性能明显提高,在一定范围内,当裂缝间距增大,双缝间的氯离子扩散交互影响作用明显减小,ANSYS软件的模拟结果与试验数据吻合良好。     

Toxicity of cadmium and its competition with mineral nutrients for uptake by plants: A review

Cadmium(Cd)is a toxic heavy metal occurring in the environment naturally and is also generated through various anthropogenic sources and acts as a pollutant.Human health is affected by Cd pollution in farmland soils because food is the main source of Cd intake in the non-smoking population.For crops,Cd toxicity may result from a disturbance in uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients and disturbance in plant metabolism,inhibiting plant growth and development.However,plants have Cd tolerance mechanisms,including restricted Cd uptake,decreased Cd root-to-shoot translocation,enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities,and increased production of phytochelatins.Furthermore,optimal supply of mineral nutrients is one of the strategies to alleviate the damaging effects of Cd on plants and to avoid its entry into the food chain.The emerging molecular knowledge contributes to understanding Cd uptake,translocation,and remobilization in plants.In this review,Cd toxicity and tolerance mechanisms,agricultural practices to minimize Cd accumulation,Cd competition with essential elements(calcium,copper,iron,zinc,and manganese),and genes associated with Cd uptake are discussed in detail,especially regarding how these mineral nutrients and genes play a role in decreasing Cd uptake and accumulation in crop plants.     

乐果、铜和锌对水生生物的联合毒性研究

为通过不同生物等级的模式生物研究乐果、铜和锌的联合毒性,以明亮发光杆菌和斑马鱼胚胎为受试模式生物,通过混合毒性指数法（MTI法）评价了乐果、铜和锌的联合毒性效应。结果表明：明亮发光杆菌毒性测试显示,暴露测试15 min时,乐果、铜和锌的EC₅₀值分别为123、0.53 mg·L^-1和1.71 mg·L^-1;暴露测试30 min时,EC₅₀值分别为122、0.50 mg·L^-1和1.54 mg·L^-1。乐果-铜和乐果-锌暴露15 min测得的MTI分别为0.69和0.60。斑马鱼胚胎毒性测试显示,暴露72 h后乐果、铜和锌的LC50值分别为0.31、1.67 mg·L^-1和369 mg·L^-1。乐果-铜和乐果-锌暴露72 h后测得的MTI分别为0.70和0.75。研究表明,乐果和铜、锌分别混合后的联合毒性均有所增强,整体毒性表现为部分相加作用,因此两类物质在环境中的残留会对水生生物及其他生物造成潜在危害。     

观赏植物诱变育种的研究现状和展望

本文综述了观赏植物辐射诱变育种的研究现状,并对花卉辐照诱变的手段、方法、处理材料和适宜辐照剂量、辐照机理与方法及应用作了总结,同时对观赏植物辐射诱变育种存在的问题及发展方向进行了探讨。     

阿维菌素·吡虫啉复配剂对菜蚜的室内毒力与田间防效

室内毒力测定结果显示,阿维菌素与吡虫啉等量复配对菜蚜(Lipaphiserysimi(Kaltenbach))的毒力指数分别为阿维菌素的1.6倍和吡虫啉的4.9倍,共毒系数达244.38,具有明显的增效作用。田间小区试验表明,使用1%阿·吡悬浮剂1000、2000、3000倍液防治菜蚜,药后7d的防效分别为98.79%、96.63%、94.31%。     

2种植物群落空气负离子浓度及日变化的比较

用ITC-201A空气负离子浓度测试仪对浙江省淳安县千岛湖国家森林公园姥山林场柏木和杨梅2种植物群落的空气负离子浓度进行测定．以其结果来评价树种对环境空气负离子浓度的贡献。结果表明,杨梅和柏木群落的环境空气负离子含量较高,达到了1889．53个／cm^3和1305．70个／cm^3,最大值分别达到了5869．50个／cm^3和4573．50个／cm^3,2种植物群落的环境空气负离子含量均超过了具有保健功能的负离子含量的标准,可以作为构建游憩保健园林的供选树种;2种植物群落内空气负离子浓度在白天内随时间的变化呈现出明显的规律性,即在测定时间内,早晨（9：00）和傍晚（17：00）前出现了2个波峰,11：00～16：00处于较低水平;无论是环境空气的负离子浓度平均值、最大值,还是瞬时值,杨梅对环境空气负离子的贡献都明显高于柏木群落。     

青霉素菌渣残留降解物的蓄积毒性研究（摘要）（英文）

[目的]初步研究青霉素菌渣残留降解物的蓄积毒性,进而探讨其是否具备作为蛋白饲料投入养殖业开发利用的条件。[方法]通过小鼠亚急性毒性试验,饲喂小鼠不同剂量的青霉素菌渣降解物（3%和6%）连续观察15周,记录每周小白鼠的体重和死亡情况;试验结束后抽样处死,取血测动物肝、肾功能,取心、肝、脾、肾称重,并在光镜下对肝、肾组织做病理学观察。[结果]试验组小白鼠体重、死亡率及肝、肾功能在15周内和对照组差异均不显著（P〉0.05）。低剂量组可见肝细胞、肾小管上皮细胞核有碎裂,少数肝、肾细胞有轻度水肿;高剂量组可见小白鼠肝组织中细胞核碎裂并有脂肪滴,多数肝细胞水肿,只有少数肝细胞无明显改变;肾脏可见门管区炎性细胞浸润,肾小管上皮细胞水肿、坏死。[结论]该实验条件下青霉素菌渣降解物对小鼠器官的实质细胞有轻度的毒性作用。     

抗除草剂固氮蓝藻研究进展

分析了近10年来国内外的相关文献,对抗除草剂固氮蓝藻研究进行综述.重点介绍了除草剂对固氮蓝藻生长和固氮能力的影响,探讨了固氮蓝藻抗除草剂的机理,并就今后的研究内容和方向进行展望.     

TcLr19PR1、TcLr19PR2和TaLr19TLP1的酵母双杂交诱饵载体的构建及鉴定

在前期研究的基础上,将成功克隆得到3个病程相关蛋白PR1、PR2和PR5的序列,分别命名为TcLr19PR1、TcLr19PR2和TaLr19TLP1。将这3个基因分别连接到酵母双杂交诱饵载体pGBKT-7上,并转化到感受态菌株Y2HGold中,检测其毒性和自激活性。结果显示,成功构建了包含目的基因的诱饵重组载体pGBKT-7-TcLr19PR1、pGBKT-7-TcLr19PR2和pGBKT-7-TaLr19TLP1;将转化产物涂布于SD/-Trp/X平板上,生长良好,并出现阳性克隆;毒性检测中,将3个诱饵重组载体与空载体在SD/-Trp液体培养基中的生长情况进行对比,发现诱饵无毒性;自激活检测试验中,重组载体无法在二缺、三缺和四缺培养基中正常生长,证明诱饵无自激活性。因此,本研究成功构建的3个诱饵重组载体可用于3个PR蛋白互作蛋白的筛选,为进一步研究其在小麦与叶锈菌互作中的分子机理奠定基础。