细菌凝乳酶干酪素生产工艺参数优化

以新鲜牛乳为原料、细菌凝乳酶作凝固剂,先采用单因素试验研究了凝乳温度、pH值、CaCl2添加量和凝乳酶添加量4个因素对凝乳效果的影响,然后通过Box-Benhnken设计进一步优化了细菌凝乳酶干酪素生产工艺参数。根据试验结果,采用逐步回归的方法进行二次回归分析,得到相应的回归方程式,模型的R2值为0.98%,说明回归方程的拟合程度良好。采用Design-Expert软件预测得到干酪素得率的最大估计值为3.534%,此时因素X1、X2、X3的对应值分别为0.306、0.216、0.342,3个因素的对应水平为：温度36.53℃、pH值6.216、凝乳酶添加量为0.368 mL。采用上述优化条件进行验证试验时将温度设定为36.5℃、pH值设定为6.2、凝乳酶添加量设定为0.37 mL。验证试验结果表明,在此条件下凝乳酶干酪素的得率为3.527%±0.02%,与理论预测值相比,相对误差为0.19%。分别测定了细菌凝乳酶干酪素和小牛皱胃酶干酪素的水分、灰分和蛋白质等理化指标,结果表明细菌凝乳酶干酪素所含水分、灰分和蛋白质含量比小牛皱胃酶干酪素高,但差异不显著（P>0.05）,而脂肪含量比小牛皱胃酶干酪素低,差异也不显著（P>0.05）。将2种凝乳酶干酪素进行红外光谱扫描,发现小牛皱胃酶干酪素和细菌凝乳酶干酪素的特征峰基本一致。以上结果表明,2种凝乳酶干酪素品质差异不显著,说明细菌凝乳酶可作为小牛皱胃酶的替代品用于凝乳酶干酪素的生产。研究结果可为细菌凝乳酶的应用提供技术依据。     

牦牛“曲拉”干酪素凝乳酶的选择及工艺参数优化

以“曲拉”为原料，研究不同酶在凝乳酶干酪素制作中的应用效果，通过L₉(3⁴)正交试验对皱胃酶、木瓜凝乳酶、微小毛霉凝乳酶3种酶最佳工艺参数进行筛选，结合生产成本，优选出微小毛霉凝乳酶为生产凝乳酶干酪素的酶制剂，其最佳工艺条件为酶浓度3.75 mL/g，pH 7，温度55℃，CaCl₂添加量12 g/kg。制品出品率73.49%，感官得分9.49，蛋白质含量85.25%，灰分7.23%，脂肪0.45%，符合QB/T3780-1999标准要求。     

不同蛋白原料条件下常温再制干酪制品析水性和质构特性研究

常温再制干酪制品是指经超高温瞬时灭菌（Ultra high temperature treated,UHT）处理后可常温贮藏的灭菌型干酪制品,是我国乳品工业的新热点。然而,干酪在UHT处理后易失稳发生凝胶结构重构,在贮藏期间出现析水等质构问题,影响产品品质。为阐明蛋白原料对常温再制干酪制品析水性的影响及机制,筛选了3种不同的蛋白原料：膜过滤酪蛋白胶束、浓缩牛奶蛋白、凝乳酶酪蛋白,分析其蛋白质含量、组成以及粒径、电位、水合性和钙离子分布等理化特性,进而分析了蛋白原料对常温再制干酪制品析水性和质构特性的影响规律,并从水分分布和微观结构层面解析蛋白原料对常温再制干酪制品析水性的影响机制。结果表明：3种蛋白原料的蛋白质含量和组成存在显著差异,浓缩牛奶蛋白的乳清蛋白占总蛋白质量分数比膜过滤酪蛋白胶束高7.81个百分点,而凝乳酶酪蛋白中不含乳清蛋白;在水合性方面,浓缩牛奶蛋白和膜过滤酪蛋白胶束相近,均显著高于凝乳酶酪蛋白。蛋白原料显著影响常温再制干酪制品析水性,贮藏90d时,由凝乳酶酪蛋白制备的常温再制干酪制品析水率最高,而由浓缩牛奶蛋白制备的常温再制干酪制品的析水率最低,表面析水率和离心析水率分别为0.42%和1.10%。水分分布和微观结构结果显示,蛋白原料通过影响干酪制品中水分的存在状态和三维网络空间结构,从而影响常温再制干酪制品的析水性。研究解析了不同蛋白原料对常温再制干酪制品析水性的影响及机制,为常温再制干酪制品析水性的改善提供了理论依据。     

Reduction of allergic symptoms in NC/Jic Jcl mice fed a diet containing casein phosphopeptide preparation, CPP-III

The effect of a commercially available dietary casein phosphopeptide preparation, CPP‐III, consisting mainly of bovine αs2‐casein (1–32) and β‐casein (1–28) on the development of allergic symptoms mediated by IgE antibody was investigated in NC/Jic Jcl mice. No significant difference was observed in the change in mean bodyweight between mice given a diet of a mixture of ovalbumin and CPP‐III (CPP‐III‐added diet) and those given a diet of ovalbumin alone (control diet) as a protein source. Total allergic score of five mice given the CPP‐III‐added diet was less than half that of those given the control diet for 13 weeks. Levels of intestinal total and ovalbumin‐specific immunoglobulin (Ig)A were significantly higher in the CPP‐III‐added diet group than in the control diet group, while the serum ovalbumin‐specific IgE level was significantly smaller in the former. The production of interleukin (IL)‐6 by spleen cells from mice that ingested the CPP‐III‐added diet for 13 weeks was obviously higher than that by spleen cells from mice administered the control diet, while the formation of IL‐4 by spleen cells from the former mice was significantly lower than that by the latter mouse. These results suggest that the oral ingestion of CPP‐III may be beneficial in reducing allergic symptoms mediated by IgE antibody.     

Impact of fermented milk on human health: Cholesterol-lowering and immunomodulatory properties of fermented milk

In this review, we focus on the cholesterol-lowering activity of Lactobacillus gasseri , the immunomodulatory function of casein phosphopeptides (CPPs) and lactic acid bacteria as starters for fermented milk, and the probability and difficulty of creating immunomodulatory fermented milk as a 'food for specified health use'. Among the starter bacteria used for the preparation of fermented milk, L. gasseri SBT0270 could exert a hypocholesterolemic effect in rats fed a diet high in cholesterol through deconjugation of bile salts. On the other hand, CPPs, having a tripeptide sequence consisting of two phosphoserine residues at N- and C-terminal positions, stimulated lymphocyte proliferation and IgA formation via the increase of interleukin-5 and interleukin-6 produced by type 2 helper T cells. The oral ingestion of CPPs enhanced the level of antigen-specific and total intestinal IgA. Moreover, one strain of bifidobacteria ( Bifidobacterium breve YIT4064) and one strain of Lactobacilli ( Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota), used as a starter for fermented milk, activated the humoral and cellular immune system, respectively, and prevented various diseases. It is important to elucidate what components modulate and what mechanisms are responsible for the physiological function of fermented milk in order for it to be accepted as a 'food for specified health use' claiming immunomodulatory activity.     

酸性条件下酪蛋白与高酯果胶稳定体系的研究

【目的】研究酸性条件下酪蛋白的稳定特性。【方法】从牛乳中提取出纯体酪蛋白,对酸性条件下酪蛋白与高酯果胶相互作用的条件和机理进行了测定与分析。【结果】当pH值为4.20,酪蛋白含量为0.6%~1.5%时,高酯果胶添加量(y)与酪蛋白含量(x)之间存在线性关系,线性方程为y=0.333 3x+0.245 8;酪蛋白和高酯果胶有效结合的适宜pH值为3.70~5.30。【结论】在合适的酸度范围内,高酯果胶分子通过空间位阻效应和静电吸引与酪蛋白胶束结合,阻止了酪蛋白胶束之间的聚集沉淀,从而使酪蛋白在酸性条件下也可以相对稳定地存在。     

改性牦牛乳酪蛋白可食性膜制备的研究

以牦牛乳酪蛋白作为成膜基质,氢氧化钠调节pH,添加脂肪类物质（如硬脂酸、软脂酸及其混合物）作为阻隔剂,单硬脂酸小分子多元醇酯作为乳化剂,研究各种成分的添加比例、甘油添加量、烘干温度、质量浓度比及成膜工艺参数对成膜的影响;通过正交试验,确定膜组分和成膜工艺的最优组合。结果表明：当酪蛋白含量为2.5%,小分子多元醇酯含量为1%,pH7.0,烘干温度和湿度分别为30℃、40%时,改性膜形成一种新的结晶体,此时形成的膜最优。     

超声波对胃蛋白酶水解酪蛋白的影响

研究了超声波对胃蛋白酶水解酪蛋白的影响。结果表明,超声波作用下胃蛋白酶反应的最适温度由50℃降低到40℃,最适pH值没有变化;影响超声波对胃蛋白酶活性的主次因素顺序为:频率、功率、温度;在本试验条件下,超声波对胃蛋白酶活性提高的最佳工艺参数为:超声频率40 kHz,功率200 W,温度40℃。超声波对胃蛋白酶水解酪蛋白有促进作用。     

可食胶粘剂制备工艺的优化

为了提高可食胶粘剂的综合性能,采用模糊综合评价法确定可食胶粘剂性能指标的隶属度,采用主成分分析法确定性能指标的权重,并建立综合评价可食胶粘剂性能的数学模型,然后以可食胶粘剂性能指标总分为响应值,运用响应面分析法对可食胶粘剂制备工艺进行优化,研究糯米粉质量分数、魔芋粉质量分数和干酪素质量分数对可食胶粘剂性能的影响以及它们之间的交互作用。结果显示,可食胶粘剂最优的工艺条件为:糯米粉质量分数9%,魔芋粉质量分数10%,干酪素质量分数6%。此条件下,制得的可食胶粘剂性能总分为0.984 5,与预测值仅相差1.55%,说明优化的工艺可用于指导实践。     

A Comparative Study of the Difference Method and the Enzyme-Hydrolyzed Casein Method for Determining True Amino Acid Digestibilities and Endogenous Amino Acid Losses in Duck Feed

In this study, we examined the variations between the difference method and the enzyme-hydrolyzed casein method for determining endogenous amino acid loss and the true amino acid digestibility in ducks fed normal protein-containing diets. These methods were compared to the nitrogen-free (N-free) diet method. The difference method was based on soybean meal as the only protein source, with the experimental diets containing crude protein levels at 15% and 20%. The enzyme-hydrolyzed casein method was based on enzyme-hydrolyzed casein meal as the protein source, with the experimental diet containing a crude protein level of 17.5%. The N-free diet was prepared with starches and paper fibers. In each method, 64 Tianfu meat drakes (7-weeks-old) with an average body weight of 2.77 ± 0.16 kg were used and divided into four groups, and fed four different diets. Each group contained four replicates of four drakes and they were force fed trial diets according to the Sirbald method for detecting their apparent amino acid digestibility, endogenous amino acid loss and true amino acid digestibility. The results demonstrated that using the difference, enzyme-hydrolyzed casein and N-free diet methods, endogenous amino acid losses were 0.9946, 1.2243 and 0.9297 mg/g dry matter intake (DMI), respectively. The true amino acid digestibility measured by the difference method was 88.93% ± 4.43%. Using the enzyme-hydrolyzed casein method with two dietary crude protein levels of 15% and 20%, the digestibility was 91.15% ± 4.33% and 91.97% ± 4.16%, respectively, and by the N-free diet methods with two dietary crude protein levels of 15% and 20%, it was 88.55% ± 4.29% and 88.82% ± 4.61%, respectively. The results suggested that when the dietary protein level was 15% to 20 %, the true amino acid digestibility and endogenous amino acid loss as determined by the difference method was more accurate than the values determined by the enzyme-hydrolyzed casein method.