18例非离子型碘对比剂不良反应分析及防治体会

目的 提高对碘对比剂使用不良反应发生的意识,加强预防、处理措施,减少不良反应发生率。方法 选择我院2014年2月-2016年2月CT检查中使用碘对比剂患者580例,其中CT增强332例,CTA248例,排除临床其他因素,回顾性分析、总结其中18例患者发生不同程度不良反应的临床表现、检查前预防手段及不良反应发生后的处理措施。结果 18例不良反应病例中,Ⅰ度14例,Ⅱ度0例,Ⅲ度0例,分别占比2.4%、0.7%、0%,检查前均给予水化、对比剂加热等预防措施,并排除高危因素,不良反应发生后及时给予对症处理,无严重病例及死亡病例发生。结论 重视碘对比剂使用过程中的安全问题,通过有效预防可降低不良反应发生率,不良反应发生后及时有效的处理可减少危重病例及死亡病例的发生。     

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Bioavailability of lysine for kittens in overheated casein is underestimated by the rat growth assay method*,†

Growth assays were performed to determine lysine bioavailability for kittens and rats in untreated and heated casein; these values were compared with estimates obtained with an in vitro method. Body weight, food intake, nitrogen and dry matter digestibility, and plasma lysine were determined during an 80‐day growth trial using kittens (n = 16). Body weight and food intake were determined during a 21‐day growth trial using weanling rats (n = 80). The growth data showed bioavailable lysine to be 102.4% and 100.2% (for untreated casein) and 66.1% and 51.7% (for heated casein) for kittens and rats, respectively. There was no relationship between plasma lysine and dietary lysine concentrations for kittens. There were no significant differences in nitrogen or dry matter digestibility among diets for kittens. The chemically reactive lysine content of untreated casein was 99.6%, and of heated casein was 67.1%. Heat treatment of casein resulted in significantly decreased lysine bioavailability as estimated by all methods. For untreated casein, both growth assays showed good agreement with the in vitro method for available lysine. For heated casein, the rat growth assay significantly underestimated bioavailable lysine as determined in kittens while the in vitro method closely approximated this value for the cat.     

牦牛乳酪蛋白降血压肽对高血压大鼠体内降压效果研究

目的：观察牦牛乳酪蛋白降血压肽对应激性高血压大鼠（stress induced hypertensive rats,SIHR）和正常Wistar大鼠的降压效果,并与降压药物厄贝沙坦（irbesaran）和卡托普利（Captopril）的作用效果进行比较。方法：采用木瓜蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶水解制备牦牛乳酪蛋白降血压肽,分别以20 mg/kg、40 mg/kg和60 mg/kg剂量的牦牛乳酪蛋白降血压肽一次灌胃,每隔2 h测量SIHR收缩压（SBP）,连续测量8 h;长期实验持续6周,每天60 mg/kg一次灌胃,每隔1周测量SBP一次。结果：SIHR给予牦牛乳酪蛋白降血压肽后,血压均显著下降（P〈0.05）,并均在灌胃后3-6 h达最低,血压下降最大幅度为（27±5.13）mmHg,呈现一定的量效关系;而正常大鼠给予牦牛乳酪蛋白降血压肽后血压无显著变化,服用厄贝沙坦和卡托普利后血压则保持显著下降的趋势。长期灌胃牦牛乳酪蛋白降血压肽可使SIHR血压明显下降（P〈0.05）,并且降压效果稳定。结论：牛乳酪蛋白降血压肽对SIHR有明显的体内降压效果,长期服用可稳定血压,对正常大鼠血压无明显影响。     

Influence of phytate on in vitro digestibility of casein under physiological conditions

The phytic acid content of four different varieties of beans under different processing conditions was estimated. It was highest in red kidney (1.86–2.13%) slightly lower in pigeon (1.86–2.03%), white (1.80–1.96%) and black eyed beans (1.15–1.64%). There was no significant change in phytic acid content of beans after soaking at 25°C for 22 hours. However, both soaking and cooking revealed 26–37% loss of phytic acid in all four varieties of beans.The rate of in vitro casein digestibility with and without phytic acid at concentrations found in legumes was determined at pH 8 and 37°C using multienzyme technique. Addition of 5 mg Na-phytate reduced the casein digestibility up to 20% compared to the control. However, only 25% reduction of casein digestibility was observed in the presence of 25 mg of Na-phytate. Higher concentration of Na-phytate had no significant effect on the rate of casein digestibility. Data strongly suggest the formation of protein phytate complex at alkaline pH of small intestine.Part of this work was presented at the XIII International Congress of Nutrition in Brighton, UK in August 1985.     

Antiviral activity of casein and αs2 casein hydrolysates against the infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus,a rhabdovirus from salmonid fish

Salmonid fish viruses, such as infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), are responsible for serious losses in the rainbow trout and salmon‐farming industries, and they have been the subject of intense research in the field of aquaculture. Thus, the aim of this work is to study the antiviral effect of milk‐derived proteins as bovine caseins or casein‐derived peptides at different stages during the course of IHNV infection. The results indicate that the 3‐h fraction of casein and α_S2‐casein hydrolysates reduced the yield of infectious IHNV in a dose‐dependent manner and impaired the production of IHNV‐specific antigens. Hydrolysates of total casein and α_S2‐casein target the initial and later stages of viral infection, as demonstrated by the reduction in the infective titre observed throughout multiple stages and cycles. In vivo, more than 50% protection was observed in the casein‐treated fish, and the kidney sections exhibited none of the histopathological characteristics of IHNV infection. The active fractions from casein were identified, as well as one of the individual IHNV‐inhibiting peptides. Further studies will be required to determine which other peptides possess this activity. These findings provide a basis for future investigations on the efficacy of these compounds in treating other viral diseases in farmed fish and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of action. However, the present results provide convincing evidence in support of a role for several milk casein fractions as suitable candidates to prevent and treat some fish viral infections.     

不同酶标抗体稀释液对酶标抗体稳定性的影响

为筛选一种较好的酶标抗体稀释液,试验以磷酸盐缓冲液（PBST）为基础溶液,通过添加甘油、酪蛋白、海藻糖及防腐剂Proclin 300等试剂配制了4种不同组合的酶标抗体稀释液,分别在4℃和37℃条件下考察其对酶标抗体稳定性的影响。结果表明,处理5（0.01 mol/L PBST＋3%酶稳定剂M＋3%海藻糖＋0.05%Proclin 300）的保护效果最好,在4℃保存6个月,酶标抗体的活性仅降低18%。     

αs1-酪蛋白基因研究进展

本文就αs1-酪蛋白基因结构和表达调控研究进展作一综述。     

消减牛乳酪蛋白致敏性蛋白酶的筛选

以酪蛋白为研究对象,选取复合风味蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、胰凝乳蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、菠萝蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶共7种食品级蛋白酶,对牛乳酪蛋白进行酶解。通过牛乳过敏患者血清池,评估酶解产物致敏原性,同时结合水解产物的分子质量分布、水解度、残留表位信息等指标,筛选出最适合用于生产低致敏酪蛋白产品的蛋白酶。结果表明：在相同条件下经胰凝乳蛋白酶、复合风味蛋白酶处理后酪蛋白与特异性抗体结合能力降低程度最大,可用于后续低致敏酪蛋白制备的候选蛋白酶;结合T细胞表位预测结果,对酪蛋白水解产物进一步分析发现,酪蛋白经过胰凝乳蛋白酶酶解后,仅剩余1条大于9个氨基酸的T细胞表位肽段LHSMKEGIHAQQK。     

Three‐dimensional culture system can induce expression of casein in immortalized bovine mammary epithelial cells

Primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) are not ideal models for long‐term studies of lactation mechanisms because these cells in a monolayer culture system cannot be polarized to simulate the physiological functions in vitro. We investigate the effects of different culture models and karyotypes on casein expression in a three‐dimensional (3D) culture system. The immortalized cells' karyotypes were analyzed at passages 10, 20, 30 and 40 to detect the effects of chromosome stability. Western blotting examined that whether or not the immortalized cells at passages 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 could induce expression of casein in a 3D culture system. The proper polarization of the acinar structures was monitored. BMECs were successfully immortalized. The cell karyotype at passage 30 remained at 60 chromosomes and the average value was 57.1 ± 0.40 after passage 40. The polarized protein's levels were up‐regulated in 3D culture compared to 2D culture. Expression of αs1, β and κ‐casein could be detectable in a passage range in 3D culture. Expression of αs2‐casein was undetectable in all experimental groups. However, all casein expressions were barely detectable in traditional 2D culture system. Therefore, 3D culture system is an important tool for the long‐term study of lactation mechanisms in vitro.