Spatial prediction of the exchangeable sodium percentage at multiple depths using electromagnetic inversion modelling

Agriculture in the semi‐arid and arid areas of the world requires irrigation. However, in these areas, soils naturally contain large amounts of sodium (sodic) which can cause amongst other things, surface crusting on the topsoil or structural instability in the subsoil. The exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) needs to be mapped to guide the application of gypsum. Whilst geostatistical techniques, such as ordinary, co‐ and 3‐D kriging have been used, they have often been criticized because they are unable to take into account soil knowledge concerning distribution, processes and factors of formation. The use of digital soil mapping methods which couple remote or proximally sensed data with soil information is increasingly becoming useful because of the production of high‐resolution ancillary data. In this study, we first invert (using EM4Soil software) the electrical conductivity (σ_a –mS/m) of DUALEM‐421 data collected along a single transect. In doing this, we generate a 2‐dimensional electromagnetic conductivity image (EMCI). We couple the estimates of electrical conductivity (σ – mS/m) at 0.30 m depth increments down to 1.5 m with measured soil ESP. We compare the results of inversion using various possible coil array configurations of the DUALEM‐421 to determine a suitable set of data. We conclude that the use of the DUALEM‐41 is optimal (r² = 0.70). We use the calibration to estimate ESP along adjacent transects where we also generate EMCI. We are thus able to estimate ESP at various depths across a clay plain and an associated prior stream channel. We conclude that the collection of additional transects of DUALEM‐421 data as well as the use of a quasi‐3‐D inversion modelling approach would improve prediction.     

Spectrum Characteristics of Cotton Canopy Infected with Verticillium Wilt and Applications

Hyper spectrum remote sensing with fine spectrum information is an efficient method to estimate the verticillium wilt of cotton. The research was conducted in Xinjiang, the largest cotton plant region of China, by using the data which were collected both by canopy spectrum infected with verticillium wilt and severity level （SL） in the year 2005-2006. The quantitative correlation was analyzed between SL and canopy of reflectance spectrum or derivative spectrum reflectance. The results indicated that spectrum characteristics of cotton canopy infected with verticillium wilt changed regularly with the increase of SL in different periods and varieties, Spectrum reflectance increased in the visible light region （620-700 nm） with the increase of the SL, which inverted in near-infrared region and was extremely significant in the region of （780-1 300 nm）. When SL attained b2 （DI = 25）, cotton canopy infected with verticillium wilt was used as a watershed and diagnosed index in the beginning stages of the disease. The results also indicated that there were marked different characteristics of the first derivative spectrum in these SL, it changed significantly in the red edge ranges （680-760 nm） with different SL, i.e., red edge swing decreased, and red edge position equally moved to the blue. In this study 1 001-1 110 nm and 1 205- 1 320 nm were selected out as sensitive bands for SL of canopy. Inversion models established for estimating cotton canopy infected with verticillium wilt reached the most significant level. Finally, the different spectrum characteristics of cotton canopy infected with verticillium wilt were marked, some inversion models were established, which could estimate SL of canopy infected with verticillium wilt. The best recognized model was the first derivative spectra at （FD 731 nm- FD 1317 nm）, and it might be used to forecast the position of cotton canopy infected with verticillium wilt quantitatively.     

基于HJ卫星的棉田土壤有机质空间分布格局反演

以北疆绿洲区棉田表层土壤为研究对象,利用国产HJ-1A/1B卫星CCD多光谱数据对裸土有机质空间分布格局进行研究。通过分析多光谱数据不同波段的光谱反射率及其变换形式与实地采样得到的土壤有机质含量的相关性,探寻适合绿洲区棉田表层土壤有机质含量快速反演的敏感波段及参数,并针对不同参数分别建立一元线性、二次、三次、对数、倒数、幂函数、生长型、S型回归模型,以及多元回归模型;对生成的模型进行综合对比分析,获取北疆绿洲区棉田表层土壤有机质含量的最佳反演模型,从而实现整个研究区土壤有机质空间格局的遥感反演。结果表明:HJ卫星多光谱数据4个波段的反射率均与土壤有机质含量存在显著的相关性,第3波段的倒数与土壤有机质含量相关性最为显著;且以第3波段光谱反射率作为因变量得到的三次线性回归模型对土壤有机质含量进行反演的效果最佳;通过空间布局反演得到研究区土壤有机质空间分布整体呈现南北两端有机质含量较高,中部有机质含量较低的格局。该研究表明虽然与黑土有机质含量具有差别,但是遥感技术仍能够作为绿洲区土壤有机质含量空间布局反演的方法,为遥感技术在土壤参数监测中更好的发挥作用提供理论支持,同时也为新疆棉田生产管理和农田可持续利用提供科学依据。     

河套灌区土壤盐渍化微波雷达反演

目前中国西北干旱、半干旱地区的土壤盐渍化情况日益趋于严重,动态、快速而精确地监测与评价土壤盐渍化显得尤为重要。微波遥感所具有的优点使其成为探测土壤盐分分布的新兴而有潜力的方法。快速获取大范围地表土壤盐渍化的空间分布是一个迫切急需解决的科学难题。该文目的是试验与评价 C 波段 RADARSAT-2 SAR（synthetic aperture radar）数据反演土壤盐渍化的性能。以受盐渍化影响较严重的内蒙古河套灌区解放闸灌域为试验区,基于 SAR 后向散射系数和土壤盐分实测值,利用多元线性回归（multiple linear regress,MLR）、地理加权回归（geographically weighted regression,GWR）和 BP 人工神经网络（back propagation artificial neural networks,BP ANN）方法建立土壤含盐量的定量反演模型,重点构建了8∶140∶1结构的3层 BP ANN 模型,经模型验证发现 MLR、GWR 模型均偏向于弱相关,其标准误差 SE 分别为0.55、0.47 mg/g,而 ANN（BP）模型的内部、外部检验标准误差 SE 分别为0.24、0.33 mg/g,优于前2种模型,其反演的盐渍化面积占比65.4%,与地面验证结果基本一致。该文建立的考虑土壤水分影响、组合雷达后向散射系数反演土壤盐分的人工智能模型,无需复杂的介电常数模型,能够在一定程度上满足土壤盐渍化监测的需要,可促进微波遥感在土壤盐渍化监测中的开拓应用。     

结构动力计算地震波的反演分析

利用快速傅立叶变换(即FFT算法)进行了地震波的数字频谱分析和地震波的反演,结合坝与地基动力相互作用的工程实例,对地震波的2种输入方法进行了动力分析比较。结果表明,将地面自由场地震记录反演到岩基面,作为计算建筑物动力响应的地震波,更贴近实际工况。     

Detecting a leachate plume in an aeolian sand landscape using a DUALEM‐421 induction probe to measure electrical conductivity followed by inversion modelling

Solid waste poses a serious health risk when it is disposed of inadequately because water‐based solutions derived from the decomposition of solid waste products (leachate) can enter groundwater systems via plumes. To assess the public health risk and potential ecological impacts, we require knowledge on the pedological and hydrogeological settings in which waste is disposed. This is particularly the case in coarse textured highly permeable soil. To rapidly collect data, geophysical methods such as direct current (dc) resistivity techniques have been used. Moreover, non‐contact electromagnetic (EM) induction instruments have also been employed. The aim of this research was to demonstrate how the inversion using a 1‐dimensional inversion algorithm with lateral constraints of the apparent electrical conductivity (σ_a) measured in the horizontal coplanar (HCP) and perpendicular co‐planar arrays (PRP) of a DUALEM‐421 EM induction probe can be used to develop a two‐dimensional model of the true electrical conductivity (σ) within a Quaternary aeolian sand in the Tuggerah Soil Landscape southeast of Sydney in Australia. Our results from 2D models of σ accord with estimates of bulk electrical conductivity (σ_b) of a leachate plume and uncontaminated groundwater, the stratigraphy of the Tuggerah soil landscape unit and the depth of sand used to landscape the decommissioned landfill. Further research is needed to determine the origin of the plume and a quasi‐3D modelling approach is applicable.     

不同株型小麦的双向反射分布函数特征研究

为了获得高精度的农作物生理生化参数的遥感反演结果和冠层结构信息提取,由多年地面观测的多角度数据结合半经验的二向性反射分布函数(bidirectional reflectance distribution function,BRDF)核驱动模型,利用红光(680 nm)和近红外波段(860 nm)的6个BRDF形状指示因子,分析了紧凑型小麦J411和披散型小麦Z9507的BRDF特征。研究表明:主平面上2种株型小麦的方向性反射率表现不同,拔节期披散型小麦的二向NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index)大于紧凑型小麦;红光波段紧凑型小麦J411的几何光学核系数大于披散型小麦Z9507,紧凑型小麦几何光学效应更强;近红外波段披散型小麦体散射核系数大于紧凑型小麦,披散型小麦体散射效应更强。由此表明多角度观测数据更适于分析小麦冠层结构信息。该研究为多角度遥感在精准农业领域的应用提供参考。     

土地利用类型变化对兰州市大气边界层特征影响的数值模拟

利用3个不同时期土地利用资料,对2012年6月份兰州强迫大气背景下陆面特征的USGS、MODIS以及卫星反演资料分别进行数值模拟,并与土地利用类型变化对兰州边界层的影响进行了对比分析.结果表明,WRF模式在高分辨率（1 km）下,模拟积分稳定,数据改变前后能较好地模拟兰州市区大气边界层特征;土地利用类型的改变对中尺度的环流形势没有影响;温度场上山谷温度明显高于山区温度,表现为热岛效应,且高度越低强度越大;不断改变土地利用类型,代表城市化进程,影响城市边界层高度且其不断增加,改变地表能量特征且其不断增加,土壤湿度不断减少.     

uncertain boundary parameters inversion for structures basedon regularization method

The basic idea of structure identification is that the changing of structural actual physical state will affect the dynamic responses of the structural degrees of freedom, so we can reversely indentify the actual state based on the dynamic properties of the structure. Therefore, as a typical inverse problem, parameter inversion is received extensive research. In this paper, to achieve structural parameter identification based on regularization method by the dynamic characteristics (natural frequencies and modes).     

Cytology and pollen grain fertility in populations of Astragalus adsurgens Pall. indigenous to Yunwu Mountain in the Loess Plateau,north-west China

Summary The wild type populations of Astragalus adsurgens Pall. growing on the northern slopes of Yunwu Mountain were investigated as a part of the program on the reclamation of the Loess Plateau, north-west China.In 1990, plants were sampled from two populations indigenous to Yunwu Mountain and Liupan Mountain, and two populations cultivated in experimental plots. Pollen grain fertility of the plants showed a wide variation from 20 to 99%. In 1991, cytological analysis of chromosome behaviour during meiosis was carried out in order to clarify the causal factors of pollen grain sterility. In anaphase-1, a chromatid bridge and an acentric fragment as well as two chromatid bridges were observed in high frequencies. In addition, more than two chromatid bridges per nucleus existed in considerably high frequencies.These observations clearly indicate that inversions are dominant in populations of wild A. adsurgens indigenous to Yunwu Mountain. xxThis study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for scientific research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japan (No. 01102023).