基于多源数据融合的盐分遥感反演与季节差异性研究

为提高多光谱盐分遥感反演的精度,利用实测高光谱与多光谱进行数据融合,并分析了不同季节盐分遥感的差异性。以河套灌区永济灌域为研究区域,以实测光谱仪测定的土壤高光谱数据和Landsat-8 OLI多光谱数据为基础,通过光谱变换和多元逐步回归方法筛选特征波段和特征光谱指数,构建了春、秋两季土壤盐分多光谱、高光谱反演模型,并利用特征光谱指数的线性回归构建了高-多光谱数据融合反演模型。结果表明:高光谱的反射率总体比多光谱高36.83%,春季反射率比秋季平均高23.78%。利用模型中最优变量特征光谱指数对多光谱模型与高光谱模型进行融合,高多光谱融合反演模型训练集和验证集R2平均值分别为0.651和0.635,RMSE平均值分别为2.44 g/kg和2.49 g/kg,精度明显高于对应的多光谱反演模型,其中训练集、验证集的R2平均值分别提高了36.19%和35.64%,RMSE平均值分别降低了34.28%和41.72%。春季多光谱、高光谱和融合反演模型的精度均高于秋季,其中训练集R2平均值比秋季模型分别提高了6.03%、6.05%和4.40%,验证集R2平均值分别提高了19.07%、12.21%和1.75%。构建的高多光谱融合模型反演灌域春秋两季平均盐分含量分别为6.05、5.97 g/kg,平均相对误差分别为9.65%和10.68%,总体上该区域春季土壤主要为重盐化土,秋季土壤主要为中盐化土。     

塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞集合体定量地震描述与地质建模

缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层多样多期的地质成因和内部强烈的非均质性,使得常规建模手段难以应用于实际工作中。结合地质体特征和地震相,运用聚类分析技术实现缝洞集合体的几何结构建模;针对缝洞型碳酸盐岩测井资料少、储层内部结构复杂和非均质强的特征,将地质统计学地震反演技术用于储层岩相和孔隙度建模工作中,针对塔里木盆地典型区块缝洞集合体建立静态模型,实现其定量地震描述;进一步利用单井与井组内动态数据,修正缝洞体的规模、边界和连通性,研究成果指导了基于缝洞集合体井位的高效部署、高效开发工作。     

基于随机森林回归算法的小麦叶片SPAD值遥感估算

使用机器学习中的随机森林(RF)回归算法构建小麦叶片SPAD值遥感反演模型。以2010—2013年江苏地区试验点稻茬小麦3个生育期(拔节、孕穗、开花)的叶片为材料,结合我国自主研发的环境减灾卫星HJ-1对研究区域进行同步监测,分析了各生育期叶片SPAD值与8种植被指数间的相关性;以0.01水平下显著相关的植被指数作为输入参数,使用RF回归算法构建了每个生育期的小麦SPAD反演算法模型,即RF-SPAD模型,以支持向量回归(SVR)和反向传播(BP)神经网络算法构建的SVR-SPAD模型和BP-SPAD模型作为比较模型,以R2和均方根误差(RMSE)为指标,分析了每个生育期3个模型的学习能力和回归预测能力,结果表明:RF-SPAD模型在3个生育期都表现出最强的学习能力,R2和RMSE在拔节期分别为0.89和1.54,孕穗期分别为0.85和1.49,开花期分别为0.80和1.71;RF-SPAD模型在3个生育期的回归预测能力都高于BP-SPAD模型,高于或接近于SVR-SPAD模型,R2和RMSE在拔节期分别为0.55和2.11,孕穗期分别为0.72和2.20,开花期分别为0.60和3.16。     

A REVIEW OF NONCONVENTIONAL ULTRASOUND TECHNIQUES AND CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF NONCARDIAC CANINE DISORDERS

Modern ultrasound contrast media are gas-containing stabilized microbubbles that remain intact in the circulating blood for several minutes after intravenous injection and increase the intensity of the backscattered ultrasound. When the microbubbles disappear from the blood, they can be detected in the parenchyma of the liver and the spleen for about 30 more minutes (late liver- and spleen-specific phase). The insonated microbubbles produce second harmonic ultrasound frequencies, whose detection requires nonconventional ultrasound modalities such as pulsed inversion imaging. Nonconventional ultrasound techniques can also be used without microbubbles because second harmonics can be generated by ultrasound in tissues as well. The physical principles and advantages of nonconventional ultrasound techniques are described. The circulating microbubbles can be used not only to enhance weak Doppler signals, but also to perform dynamic contrast studies. Contrast-enhanced dynamic ultrasound studies--similar to contrast-enhanced CT and MRI examinations--have been used in humans to characterize lesions noninvasively (i.e., without biopsies) found during conventional ultrasound examinations. To map the distribution of contrast medium in a nodule or in an organ, specific scanning techniques such as stimulated acoustic emission have been developed. Stimulated acoustic emission occurs when high acoustic pressure ultrasonic waves disrupt the stationary or slowly moving microbubbles. This results in the release of a large amount of harmonic ultrasound frequencies. When the stimulated acoustic emission technique is used for dynamic studies, scanning must be interrupted several times to allow the microvasculature of the lesion to refill with microbubbles (interval delay imaging). The contrast patterns of malignant and benign hepatic nodules in humans have been the most intensively studied. Another type of dynamic study in humans measures the transit time of the contrast medium; that is, how fast the peripherally injected microbubbles reach the hepatic veins. Hepatic cirrhosis can be differentiated from other diffuse parenchymal liver diseases by a shorter transit time. Introducing nonconventional ultrasound techniques and ultrasound contrast media in veterinary diagnostic imaging may have potential value; however, intensive research should be carried out before ultrasound contrast agents can routinely be used in clinical practice.     

基于近地高光谱的土壤氯离子含量估测

[目的]建立土壤氯离子与高光谱波段的多元线性回归模型,获取盐渍化信息,为盐分的高精度提取提供更有效的方法,为农业生态环境重建工作提供科学依据。[方法]以山东省垦利县作为研究区,于2014年10月5—7日野外采集93个土壤样本,利用ASD高光谱仪野外采集土样高光谱数据并进行预处理,然后采用多元回归和主成分分析方法建立估测氯离子含量的高光谱模型,以快速估测氯离子含量。[结果]氯离子在近红外749,830,987,1301,1 432,1 486nm较为敏感,在土壤光谱分析的基础上,得到室内风干土壤氯离子含量预测最优模型,模型均通过T检验和F检验,能较好地预测土壤氯离子含量。[结论]研究区土壤各组分盐离子中,阳离子以钠离子为主,阴离子以氯离子为主,该模型使间接得到土壤盐分含量具有较好可行性。     

COMPARISON OF FLUID-ATTENUATED INVERSION RECOVERY AND T2-WEIGHTED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGES IN DOGS AND CATS WITH SUSPECTED BRAIN DISEASE

To compare fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in small animal patients with suspected brain disease, paired sets of FLAIR and T2-weighted MR images of 116 dogs and cats were reviewed separately without any patient information. Images were rated as normal or abnormal using a five-point scale, and the distribution, signal intensity, and anatomic location of abnormalities were recorded. In 60 animals, both FLAIR and T2-weighted images were normal. In 50 animals, the same abnormalities were identified in both FLAIR and T2-weighted images. Overall, very good agreement was found between FLAIR and T2-weighted MR images (kappa = 0.88). FLAIR images had abnormalities that were not recognized in the corresponding T2-weighted images in six of 116 examinations (5%). In four of these, the abnormalities in FLAIR images were thought to represent pathology, including granulomatous meningoencephalitis in one dog, postictal edema in one dog, and undiagnosed lesions in two dogs. In the remaining two examinations, the abnormalities in FLAIR images were probably artifacts. No examples were found of intracranial abnormalities in T2-weighted images that were not visible in FLAIR images. In this study, acquiring FLAIR images in addition to T2-weighted images resulted in detection of otherwise occult abnormalities in relatively few patients.     

土壤水溶性盐基离子的高光谱反演模型及验证

土壤水溶性盐基离子是诊断土壤盐渍化类型与盐渍化程度的重要依据,利用光谱技术快速获取土壤水溶性盐基离子含量数据,可为土壤盐渍化类型与盐渍化程度的诊断提供新的技术和手段。该研究通过采集新疆5个不同地区399个土样的反射率与水溶性盐基离子数据并进行31种光谱预处理方法,分析了不同水溶性盐基离子(HCO3-、Cl-、SO42-、K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+)与高光谱反射率之间的相关性;采用K-S(Kennard-Stone)方法挑选出299个样品,针对每种离子使用偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression,PLSR)分别建立32个高光谱定量反演模型,优选最佳反演模型,并单独使用100个样品对估测模型进行检验。结果表明:不同离子的最佳反演模型所使用的预处理方法存在差异,其中仅有Cl-和Ca2+、SO42-和Mg2+所使用的预处理方法相同,其他离子则不同;不同离子的反演精度也不同,HCO3-和Ca2+构建的模型相对分析误差(relative percent deviation,RPD)分别为2.67、2.57,模型具有很好的预测能力。Cl-、SO42-和Mg2+所构建的模型RPD分别为2.05、2.10和2.14,表明这三者建立的模型具有较好的预测能力。K+建立的模型RPD仅为1.11,不能对样品进行预测。Na+构建的模型RPD为1.83,表明该离子所建模型只能对样品进行粗略估测。研究结果为探究水溶性盐基离子的高光谱反演增添了新的内容,为土壤盐渍化监测的深入和推进提供了新的思路和方法。     

基于SVR算法的小麦冠层叶绿素含量高光谱反演

为给小麦的长势监测与农艺决策提供科学依据,利用高光谱技术实现了小麦冠层叶绿素含量的估测。通过分析18种高光谱指数对叶绿素的估测能力,筛选出可敏感表征叶绿素含量的指数REP,利用地面光谱数据为样本集,以最小二乘支持向量回归(least squares support vector regression,LS-SVR)算法建立了小麦冠层叶绿素含量反演模型,其校正决定系数C-R2与预测决定系数P-R2分别为0.751与0.722,在各指数中反演精度最高。进一步分析表明,REP对叶绿素含量以及LAI值较高与较低的样本均具备良好的预测能力,可有效避免样本取值范围以及冠层郁闭度等因素对叶绿素含量估测的影响。利用LS-SVR反演模型完成了OMIS影像叶绿素含量的遥感填图,并以地面实测值进行检验,其拟合模型R2与RMSE值分别为0.676与1.715。结果表明,高光谱指数REP所建立的LS-SVR模型实现了叶绿素含量的准确估测,可用于小麦叶绿素含量信息的快速、无损获取。     

时间分数阶扩散方程的并行高效Legendre谱方法

研究了两类时间分数阶扩散方程的并行高效Legendre谱方法,分数阶导数分别代替标准的扩散方程的二阶空间导数和一阶时间导数。空间方向采用高效的Legendre谱方法,时间方向使用了基于Fourier级数展开的Laplace数值逆,并对其参数进行了优化。给出了两类时间分数阶扩散程的数值格式和数值例子,与其他方法比,该方法数值结果更优。     

脱氢松香基有机小分子凝胶因子的合成及其性能

用12-溴-13,14-双硝基脱氢松香酸甲酯合成了一种新型的有机小分子凝胶因子1,4a-二甲基-6-溴-1,2,3,4,4a,17,18,18a-八氢萘基[2,1-h]二吡啶并[3,2-a:2,3-c]吩嗪甲酸甲酯(DBNPM),通过1H NMR,13C NMR,MS和IR等表征手段对产物结构进行了表征。为了考察此小分子凝胶因子的自组装行为,研究了该分子在不同有机溶剂中的成胶性能和形貌。研究发现,在甲醇中临界成胶浓度(CGC)最低,为0.5 g/L;但是在二氧六环中凝胶性质最为稳定。扫描电镜(SEM)照片显示,从甲醇溶剂中得到的干胶呈片状结构,从二氧六环溶剂中得到的干胶呈网状结构;通过红外光谱和XRD测试研究证实,该化合物分子间的氢键是凝胶化的重要驱动力之一。